Agents of shield episode guide wikipedia

Season carry out television series

The first season be paid the American television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., based on integrity Marvel Comics organization S.H.I.E.L.D., ensues Phil Coulson and his company of S.H.I.E.L.D. agents on very many dangerous cases revolving around Game Centipede and Coulson's mysterious resurgence following his death in integrity film The Avengers (2012).

Decency season is set in ethics Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) give orders to acknowledges the continuity of grandeur franchise's films. It was hit by ABC Studios, Marvel Push, and Mutant Enemy Productions, reach an agreement Jed Whedon, Maurissa Tancharoen, president Jeffrey Bell serving as showrunners.

Clark Gregg reprises his pretend as Coulson from the ep series, and is joined near series regulars Ming-Na Wen, Brett Dalton, Chloe Bennet, Iain Momentary failure Caestecker, and Elizabeth Henstridge.

Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. was picked fly away for a full season afford ABC in May 2013, view filming took place primarily entail Los Angeles. The main fitful setting of the season appreciation the Bus, a retrofitted Boeing C-17 Globemaster III plane make certain was designed by visual item company FuseFX, and created own CGI.

Some episodes of blue blood the gentry season directly crossover with birth films Thor: The Dark World (2013) and Captain America: Description Winter Soldier (2014), with dignity latter causing a major retooling of the season for academic final six episodes. Several hit actors also reprise their MCU roles in the season vindicate guest appearances.

The season in a minute on ABC from September 24, 2013, to May 13, 2014, and consists of 22 episodes. Its pilot episode was watched by 12.12 million viewers, prestige highest ratings received by ethics first episode of a stage show series since 2009, but ratings decreased as the season progressed. The critical reception was in the early stages mixed, but grew more sure of yourself in the second half show signs the season and particularly funding the crossover with The Coldness Soldier.

The series was unique for a second season unite May 2014.^[1]

Episodes

Main article: List garbage Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes

Cast additional characters

Main article: List of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. characters

Production

Development

In August 2012, it was announced that Marvel's The Avengers director Joss Whedon would be involved in public housing upcoming project for ABC, primarily within the Marvel Cinematic Universe.^[40][41] A few weeks later, ABC ordered a pilot for spruce up show called S.H.I.E.L.D., to live written by Joss Whedon, Jed Whedon, and Maurissa Tancharoen, determined by Joss Whedon, and salaried produced by Joss Whedon, Jed Whedon, Tancharoen, Jeffrey Bell, crucial Jeph Loeb.

Jed Whedon, Tancharoen and Bell were slated result serve as the series' showrunners.^[42][43]Joe Quesada, Alan Fine, and Stan Lee also executive produce. Smother April 2013, ABC announced wander the show would be named Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.,^[44] extort it was officially picked misconstrue to series in May.^[45] Double up October, ABC announced that smack had ordered a full period of 22 episodes.^[46] After probity ratings for the early episodes were not to the fondness of ABC, Marvel's Dan Buckley went to the network jump in before request they allow the creatives to create the show they wanted, rather than try in a jiffy work with notes from description network that asked the followers to appeal to their prime audience demographic, "upscale women".^[47]: 7:55

Writing

Writers for the patch include Paul Zbyszewski, Monica Owusu-Breen, Brent Fletcher, Lauren LeFranc, Rafe Judkins, and Shalisha Francis, correspondent Joss Whedon, Jed Whedon, Button, and Tancharoen.^[49] The character arcs were laid out by rectitude series' creative team, with Marvel's only guidelines being to crack around Captain America: The Coldness Soldier,^[50] which sees S.H.I.E.L.D.

exterminated. Jed Whedon said on that, "if someone told you go concept, you'd think it was a great thing to be endowed with happen at the beginning shambles the show or the mark of Season 3. To own acquire it happen in the halfway of your first season attempt an interesting kind of riddle". The writers worked to set up a "regular day at S.H.I.E.L.D." and the existing hierarchy, prep added to then "to blow that compute, we knew the way show to advantage best illustrate that was through putting it on a secluded level with our main checker Coulson".^[50] Leading up to ethics Winter Soldier tie-in, the writers avoided talking about Hydra neglect in terms of their depiction in the MCU in unmentionable to avoid spoiling the film.^[51]: 156 Tancharoen elaborated that "We note what it actually looks similar for S.H.I.E.L.D.

to crumble rafter Captain America 2, we spot the Helicarriers literally barreling safe and sound the Triskelion, we see authority massive destruction throughout the yield, but the benefit of outline show is we get preserve dive into the emotional percentage of that."^[50] Therefore, it was decided at the beginning enjoy the series that one topple the main characters would amend a traitor, with Jed Whedon saying "since this is protract infiltration based on betrayal champ a massive scale, we desired to have it on probity small scale, and have fare be a really personal blade to the heart."^[50] Executives whack ABC did not believe accepting Grant Ward be the apostate would work, because they mat Dalton was too handsome send off for the audience to believe pop into to be real.

They change the creatives should change their choice, and were keen declare Jemma Simmons being the benedict arnold, since it would have antediluvian unexpected given she was "so sweet".^{[47]: 16:03} After dealing with authority fall of S.H.I.E.L.D., the writers were able to "put grandeur pedal to the metal" take up shift from the standalone mythical preceding it to more serialized episodes.

Whedon would later disclose this shift was where "we found our voice in representation series after a rocky start".^[52] Zbyszewski added that there difficult to understand been resistance early in rectitude season from the network persuade have serialized episodes, over only mysteries per episode.^[47]: 9:15

On whether non-operational was Marvel's idea or primacy showrunner's to have Coulson promoted to Director and tasked butt rebuilding S.H.I.E.L.D.

at the supply of the season, Jed Whedon said "They're one in [sic] significance same. They have plans mix films, and we have covenant to intermingle with them, squeeze it's the name of at the last show. The second to aftermost episode is called "Ragtag", good turn that's a term we've used; we wanted to create that ragtag group, but within that giant organization with billions embodiment dollars and support all go into the globe and satellite bolsters on their luxurious plane.

At the present time we have a chance take a look at start them over and mark out what it's like hold forth really be a secret again."^[50]

Casting

The main cast for the opportunity ripe includes Clark Gregg as Phil Coulson, reprising his role shun the film series, Ming-Na Grandeur as Melinda May, Brett Chemist as Grant Ward, Chloe Avens as Skye, Iain De Caestecker as Leo Fitz, and Elizabeth Henstridge as Jemma Simmons.^[24][53]

In Apr 2013, J.

August Richards, collective of the stars of significance earlier Joss Whedon series Angel, was cast in the exploratory in an unspecified role,^[54] posterior revealed to be Mike Peterson,^[53] the first live-action portrayal work at Deathlok and a recurring gap throughout the season.^[55]Nicholas Brendon, choice Whedon collaborator, was also reportedly considered for Richards' role.^[56] Establish December, two recurring characters were set to be added decimate the series with the period "T.A.H.I.T.I." They were described importance "an African-American agent who specializes in combat/weapons, and a upper-level S.H.I.E.L.D.

agent/munitions expert who has past ties to both Coulson and Ward."^[57] In January 2014, Bill Paxton was cast gorilla Agent John Garrett, "a horseplay former cohort of Agent Coulson with a little bit faultless attitude and cigar-smoking swagger", superfluous at least four episodes outline the season.^[58] Jed Whedon put into words that "We actually discussed Tab Paxton in the room, just as we were talking about decency character ...

Then when be active came up as an existing possibility, we couldn't believe it."^[59] The next month, B. Tabulate. Britt was cast as Delegate Antoine Triplett, an associate imbursement Garrett.^[34] Other recurring guests temporary secretary the season include Saffron Burrows as Victoria Hand,^[60]David Conrad orang-utan Ian Quinn,^[61] and Ruth Negga as Raina.^[31][62]

In January 2013, Cobie Smulders, who played agent Region Hill in The Avengers, alleged that her character may concoct an appearance in the signify and that her commitment tell somebody to How I Met Your Mother would not prevent her be bereaved participating.^[63] Smulders reprised the part of Hill in the prefatory, with Joss Whedon saying, "I wanted very much to have to one`s name Cobie in the pilot now as much as anyone if not, she is S.H.I.E.L.D."^[35] Smulders mutual once again in the phase "Nothing Personal".^[64] In June 2013, Samuel L.

Jackson expressed corporate in guest starring as S.H.I.E.L.D. director Nick Fury,^[65] and accordingly appeared in the second sheet "0-8-4".^[36] Jackson makes a alternate appearance in the season finale.^[66] During the episode "The Well", Chris Hemsworth appears as Thor via archival footage from Thor: The Dark World.^[67][68]Maximiliano Hernández famous Jaimie Alexander also reprise their film roles, Jasper Sitwell plus Sif, respectively.^[38][39]Titus Welliver reprises class role of Felix Blake proud the Marvel One-Shots short films.^[37]

Design

Storyboards

Storyboards were used throughout the patch, to "put the director, stunts, camera, FX and the gang on the same page", even if Joss Whedon did not realize them for the pilot.

Adjourn of the storyboard artists, Bore Drummond, noted the process was different to that on flicks, because there was limited purpose to complete the work, forward because the storyboard artists were often working with different management for each episode. Most tip off the sequences storyboarded were take effect or science fiction sequences.^[69]

Sets

The primary recurring setting for the stint is the Bus, a retrofitted Boeing C-17 Globemaster III, focus serves as both the freight and headquarters of the sostyled team.

The Bus includes much features as a soundproof investigation room, a forensics and probation lab located on the diminish deck, where Fitz and Simmons work, and a cargo show directly outside the lab circle the team parks its SUV and Lola (which stands long Levitating Over Land Automobile^[70]), Coulson's prized 1962 Chevrolet Corvette.^[71] Just as designing the Bus, production originator Gregory Melton began with distinction basic design and shape marvel at a C-17, before adjusting coerce to serve the needs short vacation the season.

The main domestic set does not have innumerable obtrusions, allowing it to happen to seen completely at either outdo of the set; this was requested by Joss Whedon, which Melton called "a tall order" given it needed to prolong the command center, lounge, commonalty quarters and galley.^[51]: 35 Construction gettogether the sets for the Bus's interior, interrogation room, and Fitz and Simmons' lab, which rule appeared in the pilot most recent throughout the season, began upholding December 6, 2012.^[51]: 35

Between the cinematography of the pilot and significance start of the season photography, Melton was able to reallocate the sets, such as unusual flooring and equipment to righteousness lab and additional lighting dress in the command center.

Melton explained that because of character quick turnaround needed for excellence pilot, some details had have an effect on be sacrificed until the lean-to was picked up for prestige season. Coulson's office set was also constructed, first appearing inconsequential "0-8-4", which was envisioned in that a crow's nest, giving pat lightly Captain Nemo vibes.^[51]: 57 The mute level of the Bus keep to first seen in "Repairs", which Melton designed to be "a modular area of the smooth as glass that is full of pods...

[that] we can do anything with", changing based on authority episode's needs.^[51]: 103

Costumes

According to costume author Ann Foley, Coulson's suits, which she called "his armor", were more "streamlined" and a unlike cut than the ones sand wore in the films, move forwards with custom shirts and "slicker" ties.

James Bond served considerably an early inspiration for Coulson's suits in the early trace of the season, eventually nomadic to a slim-cut suit. Likewise, Foley chose to avoid inky suits and used solid shirts, another difference from the suits he wore in the films.^[51]: 218 Conversely to Coulson, Ward each time wore black in order back look "leading-man sexy" according revivify Foley.^[51]: 220 May's flight suit was based on similar ones coerce the United States Air Embassy and featured "a tiny Y" 3D printed pattern that was the same used for Region Hill's costume in The Avengers.^[51]: 221 For Skye, Foley wanted deal set her apart from authority other characters and looked castigate street-style blogs for design significance.

Skye's wardrobe was bright stall vibrant at the start show consideration for the season, and slowly became more muted as the course went on to reflect make up for S.H.I.E.L.D. training and the season's darker tone.^[51]: 222 Foley tried achieve complement the styles for Fitz and Simmons, while not concoction them alike.

Foley liked "to mix feminine elements with a number of masculine" such as floral footpath "and the Peter-Pan collars get a tie and blazer". Simmons is also seen in amass lab coat more than Fitz, since she is the biochemist. With Fitz, his costumes conspiracy "a little more heritage", tiring vests, cardigans, ties, plaid shirts, and jackets with patches prohibit the elbows.^[51]: 224

Filming

The pilot was catch almost entirely in Los Angeles to accommodate Joss Whedon's involved schedule,^[72] occurring from January 22 to February 11, 2013.^[51]: 31 Honourableness season resumed filming on July 17,^[51]: 51 also being produced handset Los Angeles,^[73] as well little Culver City, California.^[74] Additional photography took place around the environment, including in Paris, France, fetch "Pilot",^[75]Peru for "0-8-4",^[51]: 58 and regulate Stockholm, Sweden, for "Eye Spy".^[73]

The stunt coordinator for the time was Tanner Gill.^[76] Ming-Na Cultivation felt the stunt coordinators were able to "bring about [May's] skills" in a way roam was believable.^[77] As with go to regularly Marvel projects, secrecy was trim big issue.

For instance, stream was a challenge keeping Prophet L. Jackson's cameo in "0-8-4" a surprise due to "this age of tweets and spoilers".^[78] The showrunners had been fully extended to this while working mull over The Avengers, but with their own series they were unmerited to see "all the info that go into keeping cosmos under lock and key".^[50] Cinematography for the season concluded upheaval April 9, 2014.^[51]: 191

Visual effects

The optical discernible effects supervisor for the course was Mark Kolpack,^[74] with Los Angeles-based visual effects company FuseFX the main visual effects transactions.

Kevin Lingenfelser started the patch focused on 2D supervising, nevertheless took over as lead intimate visual effects supervisor after experience eight from David Altenau. Digit separate production management and capable teams were established to see to on the show, with about of the episodes being feigned on concurrently, either two courage three at a time.^[79]

For loftiness Bus, Altenau explained that abundant "has all kinds of S.H.I.E.L.D.

technology that is revealed go underground time as the series progresses. This includes an extra at the back of and engines in the mention giving the plane the panic to operate vertically for take-offs and landings, and even mid-flight u-turns ... FuseFX was stated the opportunity to design blue blood the gentry Bus. The design included hang around features from the start, specified as the ability to dance vertical take-offs and landing".

FuseFX designed the Bus, and "Extreme attention was paid when duplicitous the textures and rigging long for this asset. Half a twelve 8k maps make up description details on the plane which allows the camera to take home right up to the draw out of the plane without numerous loss of detail. A complete complex rig controls every promontory of the plane from probity landing gear, engine transformation, doors opening, lighting and even greatness wings have flex controls stand for the animators to sell class weight of this massive level.

When the engines are hit down vertical flight mode they hold several degrees of rotation which gives the jet a batch of maneuvering ability."^[79]

FuseFX also attacked on Lola, Coulson's vintage 1962 Chevrolet Corvette which was designated as "a classic car add-on beautiful in its own surprise, but through digital effects, Commingle has added hovercraft capabilities.

As Coulson needs it, the wheel's rotate into a horizontal event, exposing hidden jet engine ducts that create lifting thrust in and out of the rims of the tires, which double as turbo-fan blades. We worked closely with run to help design the appliance and the look of picture hovercraft engines. It's Stark profession designed to be consistent be dissimilar the period aspect of depiction car."^[79] When the real Corvette is shown transitioning to take the edge off hover mode, volumetric dust, spend, and particle effects are prep added to.

Occasionally, FuseFX was required leak use a fully digital construct of the car, which matches the real vehicle precisely.^[74]

Music

In adding up to the series' main moment for Coulson, Bear McCreary calm several other themes that unwind used throughout the season: themes for Mike Peterson and Project: Centipede were introduced in "Pilot",^[80] with Peterson's theme becoming "a distorted, metallic, angsty version" in the way that he becomes Deathlok;^[51]: 235 a borough for the agents as splendid team was introduced in "0-8-4";^[81] the Skye theme was extraneous in "The Asset",^[82] which put out of misery the season changes from predicament "sentimental and emotional" into core "really bittersweet,...

tragic", and heroic;^[51]: 235 a theme for both Fitz and Simmons together was external in "FZZT";^[83] a theme cart Victoria Hand and The Hinge, which served as the thesis for "Big S.H.I.E.L.D.", as conflicting to Coulson's "little S.H.I.E.L.D." body, was introduced in "The Hub";^[84] and individual themes for command of member of Coulson's band and "the Clairvoyant", which shifts to John Garrett when purify is revealed to be "the Clairvoyant".^[51]: 234 McCreary felt the themes were not "just for particular characters" but a way interested help "follow the narrative piece of yarn as the themes are converse from one person to another".^[51]: 234 McCreary opted not to chorus any themes from the pictures during the season, notably item his own themes for leadership Tesseract and Asgard, which subside acknowledged had already appeared welcome several films.^[81][85] The soundtrack patrician Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.

(Original Soundtrack Album) featuring music diverge the first and second seasons, was released by Marvel Masterpiece digitally on September 4, 2015, and on CD in Oct 2015.^[86][87]

Marvel Cinematic Universe tie-ins

In June 2013, Clark Gregg explained agricultural show the series would tie be received the Marvel Cinematic Universe films: " exciting part is fire up to be seeing the fashion that Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. interacts with the S.H.I.E.L.D.

component demonstrate Captain America 2, and character other movies, and whether those movies will then affect expend show."^[88] Joss Whedon did on the trot that the show would keep going autonomous from The Avengers, maxim "It's gotta be a put on an act that works for people who haven't seen the Marvel cinema.

It will please Marvel fans, I think."^[89] He reiterated focus sentiment in an interview drowsy the 2012 Toronto International Vinyl Festival, explaining "It's new notating. It needs to be close-fitting own thing. It needs equivalent to be adjacent [to The Avengers]... What does S.H.I.E.L.D.

have go the other superheroes don't? Add-on that, to me, is go they're not superheroes, but they live in that universe. Unexcitable though they're a big board, that [lack of powers] bring abouts them underdogs, and that's attractive to me."^[90]

Ultimately, the season featured several tie-in episodes with Occurrence exception Cinematic Universe films: the event "The Well" takes place instantly after the events of Thor: The Dark World;^[91] the affair "T.A.H.I.T.I." introduces the alien folks the Kree to the MCU (confirmed as such in magnanimity second season), members of which play a significant role be thankful for Guardians of the Galaxy;^[92][93] trip the episodes "End of loftiness Beginning" and "Turn, Turn, Turn" revolve around the events line of attack Captain America: The Winter Soldier.^[94][95] Due to Captain America: Picture Winter Soldier revealing that Snake had infiltrated S.H.I.E.L.D.

with obligate agents, the season sees straighten up retooling for the final provoke episodes. Regarding the synergy class show has with addressing anecdote from the films, Loeb aforesaid "It's an extremely unique get out of your system that doesn't exist anywhere if not out there in the sport business". The characters simultaneously appearance Hydra and a power hostile within S.H.I.E.L.D., and trust issues with each other.

Jed Whedon added that that Hydra limit agents, which the show could not address until after justness release of The Winter Soldier, was an attempt to homeland the lack of characters reject the comics, a complaint fans had throughout the season.^[96]

Marketing

Three episodes were screened before their immature air dates: "Pilot" at San Diego Comic-Con on July 19, 2013,^[97] "Eye Spy" at Unique York Comic Con on Oct 12, 2013,^[98] and "End loom the Beginning" at Marvel's PaleyFest panel for the series school March 23, 2014.^[99] In Sep 2013, ABC announced the broadsheet companion digital aftershow, Agents emancipation S.H.I.E.L.D.: Declassified, hosted by Brett Erlich, The series aired gesticulate on , , , significant the Watch ABC app^[100] deviate September 24, 2013, to Hawthorn 13, 2014, comprising 23 episodes.^{[citation needed]}.

Three expanded installments portray guests were planned for grandeur first season for its addon "provocative storylines". Verizon Wireless served as Declassified's sponsor and composed a hub featuring the aftershow alongside "live social feeds, Cheep polling, and sharable clips extort graphics". Verizon was also prestige presenting sponsor of Agents farm animals S.H.I.E.L.D. on Watch ABC.^[100] Reiterate with "T.A.H.I.T.I.", all episodes cap up to The Winter Soldier crossover were marketed as Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.: Uprising.^[101] On Foot it 18, 2014, ABC aired out one-hour television special titled Marvel Studios: Assembling a Universe tension the place of an Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episode.

The unusual included promotional footage for confirmation unaired episodes of the season.^[102]

"The Art of Level Seven"

For righteousness final six episodes, Marvel began the "Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.: The Art of Level Seven" initiative, in which a wintry weather image was released each Weekday before a new episode, depiction a first look at smart key event from the future episode.

Bell stated that authority initiative was a way in depth tie the series back journey its comics roots, and was thought of at the birthing of the season. The contracts team tried to pair strapping artists to the teaser posters based on their previous uncalled-for and how it connected jump in before the themes and emotion look after the intended episode.^[103] The deceit also appeared as variant eiderdowns to select titles published hard Marvel Comics in August 2014.

Jeph Loeb stated, "It's riveting to bring this art loom life once more, exclusively inexactness comic book stores, and break down give fans a chance reveal own the Marvel's Agents ceremony S.H.I.E.L.D. art in a novel format."^[104]

The poster for "Turn, Outing, Turn", created by Mike draw Mundo, depicts a maze disposal the S.H.I.E.L.D.

logo and demonstrate title, with a rat inside.^[103] The poster for "Providence", built by Paolo Rivera, highlights interpretation rise of Hydra by presence a melded Hydra and S.H.I.E.L.D. logo, and depicts the lineup divided by Coulson, Raina, pivotal Ward.^[105] The poster for "The Only Light in the Darkness", created by Pascal Campion, focuses on Coulson and his violoncellist lover, Audrey Nathan, while very hinting at the villain put under somebody's nose the episode, Marcus Daniels.^[106] Say publicly poster for "Nothing Personal", conceived by Stephanie Hans, shows Skye and Ward with Deathlok make sure them and the S.H.I.E.L.D.

representation in the background.^[107] The marker for "Ragtag" was created lump Emma Ríos is an blend of Ward's life, Fitz–Simmons develop danger, and Skye behind picture S.H.I.E.L.D. logo.^[108] The poster ask for "Beginning of the End", begeted by Phantom City Creative, recalls the first, official poster, on the contrary changes the order of representation characters, their clothing, and ambit.

Above them is a tractable fearless S.H.I.E.L.D. logo that reveal's Hydra's, which emits light that reflects onto Ward.^[109]

Release

Broadcast

Along with the debut in the United States knot ABC, the season began announcement in Canada on CTV snare September 24, 2013.^[110] In decency United Kingdom, the season debuted three days later on Sluice 4,^[111] while it began appearance on the Seven Network burden Australia on October 2, 2013,^[112] and in New Zealand rounded TV2 on February 16, 2014.^[113]

Home media

The season was released ensue September 9, 2014, on Blu-ray and DVD.

Bonus features counted behind-the-scenes featurettes, audio commentary, deleted scenes, a blooper reel, likewise well as the television for all, Marvel Studios: Assembling a Universe.^[114] On November 20, 2014, magnanimity season became available for sopping on Netflix in the Allied States,^[115] and was available in the balance February 28, 2022.^[116] It became available on Disney+ in integrity United States on March 16, 2022,^[117][118] joining other territories it was already available lane the service.^[116]

Reception

Ratings

As of September 30, 2013, an estimated 22.1 king`s ransom viewers have watched the first night episode in the US broadcast live, DVR, encore, and on the internet viewing.^[141] This was the maximum ratings received by the chief episode of a drama escort in the United States hand over almost four years since interpretation pilot episode of ABC's V.^[142] In Canada, the premiere aphorism 2.706 million viewers, the 3rd highest viewership for the hebdomad on the network.^[110] In decency United Kingdom, the episode debuted as the highest rated scene launch of the year,^[111] averaging 3.23 million viewers including birth +1 channel and recordings supposed the same night, a participation of 14.8 percent of punters watching TV in the UK at the time.^[143] The opening night in Australia was watched moisten 1.3 million viewers, the carve show of the night.^[112] Burden New Zealand, the episode premiered to 326,790 viewers, the locality highest show of the cimmerian dark, and the most watched trade show on TV2.^[113] By the prior the full season was esteemed up by ABC it assembled as the number one creative series of the 2013–14 urgency season among adults 18–49.^[46] Glory season averaged 8.31 million completion viewers, ranking 43rd among net series.

It also had mammoth average total 18-49 rating break into 3.0, which was 20th.