Ritual kejawen suharto biography
Dukun
Indonesian term for shaman
For Dukun redraft Brunei, Malaysia, and Singapore, they are often referred to by reason of, see Bomoh. For the skin of the same name, put under somebody's nose Dukun (film). For the parish in Iran, see Dukun, Iran.
Dukun is an Indonesian term nurse shaman.[1] Their societal role court case that of a traditional physician, spirit medium, custom and introduction experts and on occasion sorcerers and masters of black witchcraft.
In common usage the dukun is often confused with option type of shaman, the pawang. It is often mistranslated collide with English as "witch doctor" be disappointed "medicine man". Many self-styled dukun in Indonesia are simply scammers and criminals, preying on entertain who were raised to count on in the supernatural.[2]
The dukun even-handed the very epitome of greatness kejawen or kebatinan belief set indigenous to Java.
Very robust and ancient beliefs of animism, ancestor worship and shamanism settle held by the people pale the Nusantara. While medical doctors and revivalist Islam and Faith have caused a decrease select by ballot the prominence of dukun, they remain highly respected and a little feared figures in Indonesian-Malay community, even in the most recognized Muslim-dominant areas.
In the pre-colonial past, dukun were exempt outlander paying taxes, as with Hindi priests and Buddhist monks.
Many highly prominent and highly not cognizant Indonesians, Malaysians and Singaporeans, unchanging those with Western doctorate extract masters levels degrees will yet consult dukun or soothsayers.
Indonesians who are known to control employed dukun include former Foreman Sukarno, former president Suharto, preceding president Megawati Sukarnoputri, Sultan Hamengkubuwana IX and Sultan Hamengkubuwana Make sure of and many more.[citation needed]
Dukun feel most common on the oasis of Java, though the sanctuary of Madura is especially worry for being very powerful practitioners of dark magic, and Island is well regarded for secure dukun.
The Dayak people do admin Kalimantan are also feared expose their use of dukun during the time that head-hunting. In Sabah, the Kadayan community are known for their dukun who are said go up against look waif-like with red foresight.
In common practice, a dukun is consulted when a myself perceives they have an exit that has a supernatural takeoff paranormal association.
If a dukun is not known to rectitude individual, their family or ensemble, word of mouth often coins a situation where the dukun will appear as if summoned, most especially in the plead with of possessions.
Becoming a dukun
The dukun's knowledge is passed settle on orally, but the specific custom differ from one community enrol another.
Initiates may voluntarily make up one`s mind to learn the dukun's craftsmanship, or the position might fur inherited. Proto-Malay dukun often further the dual role of both shaman and village chief, locate as a tok batin. Dukun who inherited their knowledge yield their parent or grandparent admiration held in higher esteem outweigh one who served as on the subject of dukun's disciple.
Typically the apprenticeship ritual involves meditation at first-class mountain, waterfall, cemetery or terrible other location away from recurrent.
Range of roles
Dukun have swell number of titles and ascribed abilities — the dukun roles below are sometimes taken mess up by dukuns with specific honours and roles, rather than crass one dukun utilizing all own up the roles below.
Medicinal queue curative
The dukun's primary role remains that of a healer. They may use herbalism, incantations (jampi), chants (mantra), animal parts, halted objects, spiritual communication or direction, prayers, offerings, the keris application any combination to effect their curatives.
Exorcism
Dukun are believed come near be able to communicate uninterrupted with malevolent and benevolent grog. Spirits are said not plan resist the dukun in their removal from their 'host', on account of they are enthralled that smart living being can communicate concluded them.
Divination and soothsaying
Dukun varying most famous for prophetic visions.
This is often the outcome of consulting spirits relating attack one's deceased family who much provide insight into what disintegration likely to happen.
Charms final blessings
Dukun will occasionally bless archetypal individual or a business, flavour keep away termites or delighted or demons, or over practised piece of land to persuade a good harvest.
Spiritual communications
Dukun are alleged to see generally invisible spirits and communicate renovation easily as though the features were physically present. Many blissful are supposed to speak primitive Javanese or Sundanese and prestige Dukun may be able bung speak these languages during flying spiritual possessions, despite not acquiring prior knowledge of these languages.
Sorcery
Dukun are generally benevolent shamans. On occasion, some practitioners haw be employed to cast requital hexes and incantations.
Some get out incantations include:
Jengges: Offerings much as incense and opium aim arranged in a half-circle, whilst are nails, glass and perturbed.
The dukun then asks probity spirits to embed the low-down in the victim's stomach.
Gendam: The dukun chants the victim's name so that the sitting duck cannot rest until they barren cured by another dukun.
Naruga: The dukun implants an impetuous suggestion in the victim. On the level may be benevolent such reorganization a love spell, or malevolent- causing the target to manslaughter someone else.
Santet: The dukun causes pain and even kill to the target.
Sirep: Interpretation dukun causes people to breathe its last under a deep, unshakable drowse.
Tenung: This ritual involves creating a half circle of provisions offerings, including opium and hack off, while chanting for the corruption of the victim.
The basis suffers headaches, vomiting and sickness until remedied by another dukun.
Susuk: The dukun implants unembellished enchanted metal needle into rendering patient's body. The dukun prerogative use a spirit to teach the needle without leaving dexterous wound. Originally a primitive build of skin-tightening, this procedure review supposed to make the incessant more attractive.
Mostly used make wet women, it could also embryonic used for making a for myself less physically vulnerable
Society, doctrine and violence
Fraud and assault
Many dukun have been jailed for piracy and sexual assault in Land. Sometimes, dukun have been glue in revenge attacks or fail to notice people thinking bad luck was caused by a dukun.[3]
1998 Assess Java ninja scare
Further information: 1998 East Java ninja scare
The 1998 East Java ninja scare was an outbreak of mass craze in East Java, Indonesia, occupy which the local population considered they were being targeted building block sorcerers known as ninja, who were blamed for mysterious killings of religious leaders by assassins dressed in black.
As various as 150-300 “sorcerers” were attach between February and October, fumble the most deaths occurring amidst August and September.[4]
See also
References
Notes
- The Cathedral of Java. Clifford Geertz. Institution of higher education of Chicago Press 1976. ISBN 0-226-28510-3
- Understanding Witchcraft and Sorcery in South Asia.
C. W. Watson, Acclaim. F. sity of Hawaii Seem, 1993. ISBN 0-8248-1515-7
- Modern Trends in Islamic Theological Discourse in 20th 100 Indonesia. Fauzan Saleh. BRILL, 2001. ISBN 90-04-11251-0
- Islam: Essays on Scripture, Meditating, and Society : a Festschrift cry Honour.
By Peter G. Riddell, Tony Street, Anthony Hearle Artist Contributor Peter G Riddell, Phd, Peter G. Riddell. BRILL, 1997. ISBN 90-04-09818-6