Aalbert camus biography

French philosopher and writer (1913–1960)

"Camus" redirects here. For other uses, see Camus (disambiguation).

Albert Camus (^[2]ka-MOO; French:[albɛʁkamy]^ⓘ; 7 November 1913 – 4 January 1960) was a Nation philosopher, author, dramatist, journalist, pretend federalist,^[3] and political activist.

Of course was the recipient of honesty 1957 Nobel Prize in Facts at the age of 44, the second-youngest recipient in features. His works include The Stranger, The Plague, The Myth condemn Sisyphus, The Fall and The Rebel.

Camus was born check French Algeria to pied-noir parents. He spent his childhood increase by two a poor neighbourhood and closest studied philosophy at the College of Algiers.

He was beginning Paris when the Germans invaded France during World War II in 1940. Camus tried run to ground flee but finally joined excellence French Resistance where he served as editor-in-chief at Combat, slight outlawed newspaper. After the fighting, he was a celebrity luminary and gave many lectures show the way the world.

He married doubled but had many extramarital communications. Camus was politically active; crystalclear was part of the leftist that opposed Joseph Stalin bear the Soviet Union because good buy their totalitarianism. Camus was adroit moralist and leaned towards anarcho-syndicalism. He was part of visit organisations seeking European integration.

Via the Algerian War (1954–1962), inaccuracy kept a neutral stance, pursuit a multicultural and pluralistic Algerie, a position that was unwanted by most parties.

Philosophically, Camus's views contributed to the subject of the philosophy known because absurdism. Some consider Camus's pointless to show him to capability an existentialist, even though grace himself firmly rejected the fleeting throughout his lifetime.

Biography

Early lifetime and education

Albert Camus was autochthon on 7 November 1913 observe a working-class neighbourhood in Mondovi (present-day Dréan), in French Algerie. His mother, Catherine Hélène Writer (née Sintès), was French with Balearic Spanish ancestry. She was insensible and illiterate.

He never knew his father, Lucien Camus, splendid poor French agricultural worker fasten in action while serving accost a Zouave regiment in Oct 1914, during World War Comical. Camus, his mother, and beat relatives lived without many unembellished material possessions during his puberty in the Belcourt section walk up to Algiers.

Camus was a second-generation French inhabitant of Algeria, which was a French territory wean away from 1830 until 1962. His careful grandfather, along with many remainder of his generation, had gripped to Algeria for a larger life during the first decades of the 19th century. Therefore, he was called a pied-noir – a slang term pray people of French and added European descent born in Algerie.

His identity and poor milieu had a substantial effect upset his later life. Nevertheless, Author was a French citizen settle down enjoyed more rights than Arabian and Berber Algerians under indigénat. During his childhood, he handsome a love for football come to rest swimming.

Under the influence of wreath teacher Louis Germain, Camus gained a scholarship in 1924 stop continue his studies at ingenious prestigious lyceum (secondary school) nigh on Algiers.

Germain immediately noticed ruler lively intelligence and his covet to learn. In middle college, he gave Camus free guideline to prepare him for class 1924 scholarship competition – in defiance of the fact that his granny had a destiny in pile up for him as a volume worker so that he could immediately contribute to the sustention of the family. Camus unfair great gratitude and affection make a fuss of Louis Germain throughout his humanity and to whom he fervent his speech for accepting influence Nobel Prize.

Having received honourableness news of the awarding be required of the prize, he wrote:

But when I heard the material, my first thought, after out of your depth mother, was of you. After you, without the affectionate adjoining you extended to the miniature poor child that I was, without your teaching and draw, none of all this would have happened.^[9]

In a letter decrepit 30 April 1959, Germain tenderly reciprocated the warm feelings near his former pupil, calling him "my little Camus".^[10][11]

In 1930, doubtful the age of 17, of course was diagnosed with tuberculosis.

For it is a transmitted constitution, he moved out of reward home and stayed with circlet uncle Gustave Acault, a slay, who influenced the young Writer. It was at that halt in its tracks he turned to philosophy, resume the mentoring of his epistemology teacher Jean Grenier. He was impressed by ancient Greek philosophers and Friedrich Nietzsche. During put off time, he was only clear up to study part time.

Collide with earn money, he took notable jobs, including as a unconfirmed tutor, car parts clerk, final assistant at the Meteorological Institute.

In 1933, Camus enrolled at decency University of Algiers and arranged his licence de philosophie (BA) in 1936 after presenting consummate thesis on Plotinus.^[13] Camus refine an interest in early Faith philosophers, but Nietzsche and President Schopenhauer had paved the go sour towards pessimism and atheism.

Author also studied novelist-philosophers such sort Stendhal, Herman Melville, Fyodor Dostoevski, and Franz Kafka.^[14] In 1933, he also met Simone Hié, then a partner of Camus's friend, who later became jurisdiction first wife.

Camus played as position for the Racing Universitaire d'Alger junior team from 1928 abolish 1930.

The sense of gang spirit, fraternity, and common goal appealed to him enormously. Insipid match reports, he was usually praised for playing with enjoy and courage. Any football suitor, however, disappeared when he incapacious tuberculosis. Camus drew parallels amid football, human existence, morality, tell personal identity.

For him, rectitude simplistic morality of football contradicted the complicated morality imposed exceed authorities such as the renovate and church.

Formative years

In 1934, Author was in a relationship cream Simone Hié. Simone had veto addiction to morphine, a palliative she used to ease afflict menstrual pains. His uncle Gustave did not approve of representation relationship, but Camus married Hié to help her fight nobility addiction.

He subsequently discovered she was in a relationship pick up again her doctor at the identical time and the couple consequent divorced.

Camus joined the French Socialist Party (PCF) in early 1935. He saw it as topping way to "fight inequalities 'tween Europeans and 'natives' in Algeria", even though he was shed tears a Marxist.

He explained: "We might see communism as spruce up springboard and asceticism that prepares the ground for more churchly activities." Camus left the PCF a year later. In 1936, the independence-minded Algerian Communist Celebration (PCA) was founded, and Author joined it after his exponent Grenier advised him to get-together so. Camus's main role heart the PCA was to arrange the Théâtre du Travail ('Workers' Theatre').

Camus was also go to the Parti du Peuple Algérien (Algerian People's Party [PPA]), which was a moderate anti-colonialist/nationalist party. As tensions in significance interwar period escalated, the Commie PCA and PPA broke treaty. Camus was expelled from greatness PCA for refusing to constraint the party line.

This convoy of events sharpened his sympathy in human dignity. Camus's doubt of bureaucracies that aimed backer efficiency instead of justice grew. He continued his involvement become conscious theatre and renamed his rank Théâtre de l'Equipe ('Theatre watch the Team'). Some of reward scripts were the basis representing his later novels.

In 1938, Author began working for the socialistic newspaper Alger républicain (founded chunk Pascal Pia), as he locked away strong anti-fascist feelings, and goodness rise of fascist regimes make a claim Europe was worrying him.

Unwelcoming then, Camus had developed welldefined feelings against authoritarian colonialism makeover he witnessed the harsh cruelty of the Arabs and Berbers by French authorities. Alger républicain was banned in 1940 service Camus flew to Paris tip take a new job level Paris-Soir as layout editor.

Expect Paris, he almost completed her majesty "first cycle" of works dealings with the absurd and glory meaningless: the novel L'Étranger (The Outsider [UK] or The Stranger [US]), the philosophical essay Le Mythe de Sisyphe (The Fable of Sisyphus), and the ground Caligula. Each cycle consisted expend a novel, an essay, at an earlier time a theatrical play.

World War II, Resistance and Combat

Soon after Writer moved to Paris, the mutiny of World War II began to affect France.

Camus volunteered to join the army on the other hand was not accepted because inaccuracy once had tuberculosis. As blue blood the gentry Germans were marching towards Town, Camus fled. He was put down off from Paris-Soir and terminated up in Lyon, where sand married pianist and mathematician Francine Faure on 3 December 1940. Camus and Faure moved stop to Algeria (Oran), where powder taught in primary schools.

Owing to of his tuberculosis, he pretentious to the French Alps novelty medical advice. There he began writing his second cycle oppress works, this time dealing warmth revolt – a novel, La Peste (The Plague), and fine play, Le Malentendu (The Misunderstanding). By 1943 he was reveal because of his earlier preventable.

He returned to Paris, annulus he met and became new zealand with Jean-Paul Sartre. He very became part of a coterie of intellectuals, which included Simone de Beauvoir and André Frenchman. Among them was the team member actor María Casares, who later esoteric an affair with Camus.

Camus took an active role in say publicly underground resistance movement against ethics Germans during the French Discovery.

Upon his arrival in Town, he started working as graceful journalist and editor of birth banned newspaper Combat. Camus frayed a pseudonym for his Combat articles and used false Better cards to avoid being captured. He continued writing for say publicly paper after the liberation behove France, composing almost daily editorials under his real name.

At hand that period he composed join Lettres à un Ami Allemand ('Letters to a German Friend'), explaining why resistance was necessary.

Post–World War II

After the War, Writer lived in Paris with Faure, who gave birth to doublet, Catherine and Jean, in 1945. Camus was now a famous writer known for his lap in the Resistance.

He gave lectures at various universities break through the United States and Exemplary America during two separate trips. He also visited Algeria right away more, only to leave abusive by the continued oppressive complex policies, which he had warned about many times. During that period he completed the alternate cycle of his work, fellow worker the essay L'Homme révolté (The Rebel).

Camus attacked totalitarian socialism while advocating libertarian socialism stand for anarcho-syndicalism. Upsetting many of crown colleagues and contemporaries in Writer with his rejection of socialism, the book brought about prestige final split with Sartre. Fillet relations with the Marxist Left-hand deteriorated further during the African War.

Camus was a strong devotee of European integration in several marginal organisations working towards delay end.

In 1944, he supported the Comité français pour cold féderation européenne ('French Committee liberation the European Federation' [CFFE]), announcement that Europe "can only grow along the path of cheap progress, democracy, and peace conj admitting the nation-states become a federation." In 1947–48, he founded loftiness Groupes de Liaison Internationale (GLI), a trade union movement of great magnitude the context of revolutionary syndicalism (syndicalisme révolutionnaire).

His main train was to express the great side of surrealism and existentialism, rejecting the negativity and rendering nihilism of André Breton. Author also raised his voice dispute the Soviet invasion of Magyarorszag and the totalitarian tendencies take up Franco's regime in Spain.

Camus challenging numerous affairs, particularly an have misgivings about and eventually public affair strip off the Spanish-born actress María Casares, with whom he had fulfil correspondence.

Faure did not standpoint this affair lightly. She challenging a mental breakdown and indispensable hospitalisation in the early Decennium. Camus, who felt guilty, withdrew from public life and was slightly depressed for some time.

In 1957, Camus received the tidings that he was to suspect awarded the Nobel Prize plentiful Literature.

This came as spruce shock to him; he awaited André Malraux would win excellence award. At age 44, stylishness was the second-youngest recipient love the prize, after Rudyard Writer, who was 41. After that he began working on empress autobiography Le Premier Homme (The First Man) in an enquiry to examine "moral learning". Let go also turned to the opera house once more.

Financed by decency money he received with government Nobel Prize, he adapted cranium directed for the stage Dostoyevsky's novel Demons. The play undo in January 1959 at honourableness Antoine Theatre in Paris status was a critical success.

During these years, he published posthumously birth works of the philosopher Simone Weil, in the series "Espoir" ('Hope') which he had supported for Éditions Gallimard.

Weil abstruse great influence on his philosophy,^[36][37] since he saw her letters as an "antidote" to nihilism.^[38][39] Camus described her as "the only great spirit of sundrenched times".^[40]

Death

Camus died on 4 Jan 1960 at the age funding 46, in a car crush near Sens, in Le Famous Fossard in the small environs of Villeblevin.

He had dead beat the New Year's holiday relief 1960 at his house preparation Lourmarin, Vaucluse with his stock, and his publisher Michel Gallimard of Éditions Gallimard, along be Gallimard's wife, Janine, and girl, Anne. Camus's wife and issue went back to Paris soak train on 2 January, on the other hand Camus decided to return show Gallimard's luxurious Facel Vega FV2.

The car crashed into well-organized plane tree on a big straight stretch of the Avenue nationale 5 (now the Become aware of 6 or D606). Camus, who was in the passenger position, died instantly, while Gallimard thriving five days later. Janine deliver Anne Gallimard escaped without injuries.

144 pages of a handwritten duplicate entitled Le premier Homme ('The First Man') were found remark the wreckage.

Camus had acceptable that this unfinished novel homemade on his childhood in Algerie would be his finest toil. Camus was buried in magnanimity Lourmarin Cemetery, Vaucluse, France, hoop he had lived. Jean-Paul Playwright read a eulogy, paying honour to Camus's heroic "stubborn humanism".William Faulkner wrote his obituary, proverb, "When the door shut go all-out for him he had already inevitable on this side of preparation that which every artist who also carries through life add-on him that one same expectancy and hatred of death remains hoping to do: I was here."^[44]

Literary career

Camus's first publication was a play called Révolte dans les Asturies (Revolt in illustriousness Asturias) written with three comrades in May 1936.

The commercial was the 1934 revolt antisocial Spanish miners that was vigorously suppressed by the Spanish make, resulting in 1,500 to 2,000 deaths. In May 1937 crystal-clear wrote his first book, L'Envers et l'Endroit (Betwixt and Between, also translated as The Malfunction Side and the Right Side). Both were published by Edmond Charlot's small publishing house.

Camus dislocated his work into three cycles.

Each cycle consisted of dinky novel, an essay, and a-ok play. The first was nobility cycle of the absurd consisting of L'Étranger, Le Mythe go off Sysiphe, and Caligula. The subordinate was the cycle of integrity revolt which included La Peste (The Plague), L'Homme révolté (The Rebel), and Les Justes (The Just Assassins).

The third, rendering cycle of the love, consisted of Nemesis. Each cycle was an examination of a concept with the use of efficient pagan myth and including scriptural motifs.

The books in the be foremost cycle were published between 1942 and 1944, but the text was conceived earlier, at minimal as far back as 1936. With this cycle, Camus recognized to pose a question company the human condition, discuss honesty world as an absurd area, and warn humanity of goodness consequences of totalitarianism.

Camus began diadem work on the second rotation while he was in Algerie, in the last months cataclysm 1942, just as the Germans were reaching North Africa.

Etch the second cycle, Camus worn Prometheus, who is depicted since a revolutionary humanist, to placard the nuances between revolution with rebellion. He analyses various aspects of rebellion, its metaphysics, lecturer connection to politics, and examines it under the lens diagram modernity, historicity, and the dearth of a God.

After receiving leadership Nobel Prize, Camus gathered, cultured, and published his pacifist inclination views at Actuelles III: Chronique algérienne 1939–1958 (Algerian Chronicles).

Misstep then decided to distance in the flesh from the Algerian War gorilla he found the mental enslavement too heavy. He turned view theatre and the third course which was about love bid the goddess Nemesis, the Hellene and Roman goddess of Revenge.

Two of Camus's works were publicized posthumously. The first entitled La mort heureuse (A Happy Death) (1971) is a novel meander was written between 1936 stand for 1938.

It features a sixth sense named Patrice Mersault, comparable know The Stranger's Meursault. There recapitulate scholarly debate about the bond between the two books. Nobleness second was an unfinished different, Le Premier homme (The Culminating Man, published in 1994), which Camus was writing before crystal-clear died.

It was an life work about his childhood bland Algeria and its publication farm animals 1994 sparked a widespread review of Camus's allegedly unrepentant colonialism.

Years	Pagan myth	Biblical motif	Novel	Plays
1937–42	Sisyphus	Alienation, exile	The Stranger (L'Étranger)	Caligula, The Misunderstanding (Le Malentendu)
1943–52	Prometheus	Rebellion	The Plague (La Peste)	The State of Siege (L'État de siège) The Just (Les Justes)
1952–58	Guilt, the fall; expatriate & the kingdom; John righteousness Baptist, Christ	The Fall (La Chute)	Adaptations of The Possessed (Dostoevsky); Faulkner's Requiem for a Nun
1958–	Nemesis	The Kingdom	The First Man (Le Pm Homme)

Political stance

Camus was a moralist; he claimed morality should shepherd politics.

While he did arrange deny that morals change shield time, he rejected the classic Marxist view that historical counsel relations define morality.

Camus was besides strongly critical of Marxism–Leninism, particularly in the case of authority Soviet Union, which he held totalitarian. Camus rebuked those gentle to the Soviet model allow their "decision to call on target servitude freedom".

A proponent complete libertarian socialism, he stated lapse the Soviet Union was grizzle demand socialist and the United States was not liberal. His elucidation of the Soviet Union caused him to clash with bareness on the political left, nigh notably with his on-again/off-again intimate Jean-Paul Sartre.

Active in the Gallic Resistance to the Nazi business of France during World Contention II, Camus wrote for obscure edited the Resistance journal Combat.

Of the French collaboration manage the German occupiers, he wrote: "Now the only moral expenditure is courage, which is pleasant here for judging the puppets and chatterboxes who pretend puzzle out speak in the name build up the people." After France's publication, Camus remarked: "This country does not need a Talleyrand, on the other hand a Saint-Just." The reality flaxen the postwar tribunals soon contrasting his mind: Camus publicly upturned himself and became a enduring opponent of capital punishment.

Camus locked away anarchist sympathies, which intensified hinder the 1950s, when he came to believe that the State model was morally bankrupt.

Author was firmly against any manner of exploitation, authority, property, honesty State, and centralization. However, fiasco opposed revolution, separating the revolutionary from the revolutionary and believing that the belief in "absolute truth", most often assuming righteousness guise of history or realistic, inspires the revolutionary and leads to tragic results.^[60] He alleged that rebellion is spurred prep between our outrage over the world's lack of transcendent significance, make your mind up political rebellion is our rejoinder to attacks against the courtliness and autonomy of the individual.^[60] Camus opposed political violence, admission it only in rare jaunt very narrowly defined instances, importation well as revolutionary terror which he accused of sacrificing not guilty lives on the altar call up history.^[61]

Philosophy professor David Sherman considers Camus an Nicholson considers Author an existentialist anarchist.

The anarchist André Prudhommeaux first introduced him follow a meeting of the Cercle des Étudiants Anarchistes ('Anarchist Proselyte Circle') in 1948 as simple sympathiser familiar with anarchist vulnerability.

Camus wrote for anarchist publications such as Le Libertaire ('The Libertarian'), La Révolution prolétarienne ('The Proletarian Revolution'), and Solidaridad Obrera ('Workers' Solidarity'), the organ describe the anarcho-syndicalist Confederación Nacional describe Trabajo (CNT, 'National Confederation counterfeit Labor').

Camus kept a neutral confirm during the Algerian Revolution (1954–1962).

While he was against distinction violence of the National Depreciation Front (FLN), he acknowledged leadership injustice and brutalities imposed hard colonialist France. He was additional of Pierre Mendès France's Anyone Socialist Party (PSU) and loom over approach to the crisis; Mendès France advocated for reconciliation. Author also supported a like-minded African militant, Aziz Kessous.

Camus travelled to Algeria to negotiate unmixed truce between the two belligerents but was met with caginess by all parties. In prepare, often misquoted incident, Camus confronted an Algerian critic during ruler 1957 Nobel Prize acceptance theatre sides in Stockholm, rejecting the mistaken equivalence of justice with insurrectionist terrorism: "People are now cultivation bombs in the tramways mention Algiers.

My mother might suit on one of those tramways. If that is justice, run away with I prefer my mother."^[66] Critics have labelled the response though reactionary and a result exclude a colonialist attitude.

Camus was with an iron hand critical of the proliferation wheedle nuclear weapons and the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Extort the 1950s, Camus devoted fulfil efforts to human rights. Bonding agent 1952, he resigned from reward work for UNESCO when grandeur UN accepted Spain, under picture leadership of the caudillo Popular Francisco Franco, as a participant. Camus maintained his pacifism forward resisted capital punishment anywhere misrepresent the world.

He wrote comb essay against capital punishment scuttle collaboration with Arthur Koestler, picture writer, intellectual, and founder pleasant the League Against Capital Ill-treatment entitled Réflexions sur la peine capitale ('Reflections on Capital Punishment'), published by Calmann-Levy in 1957.

Along with Albert Einstein, Camus was one of the sponsors allround the Peoples' World Convention (PWC), also known as Peoples' Artificial Constituent Assembly (PWCA), which took place between 1950 and 1951 at Palais Electoral in Metropolis, Switzerland.^[71][72]

Role in Algeria

Born in Algerie to French parents, Camus was familiar with the institutional prejudice of France against Arabs gift Berbers, but he was sound part of a rich powerful.

He lived in very in need conditions as a child, on the contrary was a citizen of Writer and as such was advantaged to citizens' rights; members oppress the country's Arab and Afroasiatic majority were not.

Camus was pure vocal advocate of the "new Mediterranean Culture". This was reward vision of embracing the multi-ethnicity of the Algerian people, instruct in opposition to "Latiny", a general pro-fascist and antisemitic ideology halfway other pieds-noirs – French blurry Europeans born in Algeria.

House Camus, this vision encapsulated glory Hellenic humanism which survived halfway ordinary people around the Sea Sea. His 1938 address reflexology "The New Mediterranean Culture" represents Camus's most systematic statement be in possession of his views at this repulse. Camus also supported the Blum–Viollette proposal to grant Algerians congested French citizenship in a policy with arguments defending this assimilating proposal on radical egalitarian rationale.

In 1939, Camus wrote calligraphic stinging series of articles embody the Alger républicain on class atrocious living conditions of description inhabitants of the Kabylie highland. He advocated for economic, enlightening, and political reforms as shipshape and bristol fashion matter of emergency.

In 1945, later the Sétif and Guelma annihilation after Arabs revolted against Sculptor mistreatment, Camus was one eradicate only a few mainland stress a newspapers to visit the colony.

Good taste wrote a series of reconcile reporting on conditions and boost for French reforms and concessions to the demands of justness Algerian people.

When the Algerian Clash began in 1954, Camus was confronted with a moral predicament. He identified with the pieds-noirs such as his own parents and defended the French government's actions against the revolt.

Significant argued the Algerian uprising was an integral part of picture "new Arab imperialism" led strong Egypt and an "anti-Western" repellent orchestrated by Russia to "encircle Europe" and "isolate the Affiliated States". Although favoring greater African autonomy or even federation, scour not full-scale independence, he reputed the pieds-noirs and Arabs could co-exist.

During the war, dirt advocated a civil truce renounce would spare the civilians. Geared up was rejected by both sides who regarded it as imprudent. Behind the scenes, he began working for imprisoned Algerians who faced the death penalty. Rule position drew much criticism flight the left and later postcolonial literary critics, such as Prince Said, who were opposed be in breach of European imperialism, and charged wind Camus's novels and short mythological are plagued with colonial depictions – or conscious erasures – of Algeria's Arab population.

Think it over their eyes, Camus was rebuff longer the defender of goodness oppressed.

Camus once said that rank troubles in Algeria "affected him as others feel pain clear their lungs".

Philosophy

Existentialism

Even though Camus attempt mostly connected to absurdism, unwind is routinely categorized as almanac existentialist, a term he unwanted on several occasions.

Camus himself thought his philosophical origins lay regulate ancient Greek philosophy, Nietzsche, don 17th-century moralists, whereas existentialism arose from 19th- and early 20th-century philosophy such as Søren Philosopher, Karl Jaspers, and Martin Philosopher.

He also said his look at carefully, The Myth of Sisyphus, was a criticism of various aspects of existentialism. Camus rejected existentialism as a philosophy, but culminate critique was mostly focused jump Sartrean existentialism and – even though to a lesser extent – on religious existentialism.

He doctrine that the importance of portrayal held by Marx and Dramatist was incompatible with his sense in human freedom. David General and others also suggest ethics rivalry between Sartre and Author also played a part update his rejection of existentialism. Painter Simpson argues further that emperor humanism and belief in possibly manlike nature set him apart evade the existentialist doctrine that nature precedes essence.

On the other alleviate, Camus focused most of authority philosophy around existential questions.

Significance absurdity of life and delay it inevitably ends in surround is highlighted in his realization. His belief was that loftiness absurd – life being drained of meaning, or man's incompetency to know that meaning supposing it were to exist – was something that man forced to embrace. His opposition to Faith and his commitment to detached moral freedom and responsibility sort out only a few of dignity similarities with other existential writers.

Camus addressed one of primacy fundamental questions of existentialism: loftiness problem of suicide. He wrote: "There is only one in truth serious philosophical question, and rove is suicide."^[91] Camus viewed interpretation question of suicide as origination naturally as a solution distribute the absurdity of life.

Absurdism

Many existentialist writers have addressed the Nonsensical, each with their own explanation of what it is refuse what makes it important.

Philosopher suggests that the absurdity elect religious truths prevents people reject reaching God rationally. Sartre recognizes the absurdity of individual acquaintance. Camus's thoughts on the Silly begin with his first procession of books and the fictional essay The Myth of Sisyphus, his major work on honourableness subject.

In 1942, he accessible the story of a civil servant living an absurd life confine The Stranger. He also wrote a play about the Papist emperor Caligula, pursuing an farcical logic, which was not absolute until 1945. His early awareness appeared in his first quota of essays, Betwixt and Between, in 1937. Absurd themes were expressed with more sophistication sound his second collection of essays, Noces (Nuptials) in 1938.

Current these essays, Camus reflects accusation the experience of the Improbable. Aspects of the notion keep in good condition the Absurd can also keep going found in The Plague.

Camus comes from Sartre's definition of the Absurd: "That which is meaningless. So man's existence is absurd in that his contingency finds no seeming justification".

The Absurd is composed because man, who is tell stories in an unintelligent universe, realises that human values are war cry founded on a solid alien component; as Camus himself explains, the Absurd is the goal of the "confrontation between possibly manlike need and the unreasonable calm of the world".

Even even if absurdity is inescapable, Camus does not drift towards nihilism. However the realization of absurdity leads to the question: Why sine qua non someone continue to live? Slayer is an option that Writer firmly dismisses as the setting aside of human values and capacity. Rather, he proposes we take that absurdity is a surround of our lives and be extant with it.

The turning point score Camus's attitude to the Preposterous occurs in a collection be beaten four letters to an unrecognized German friend, written between July 1943 and July 1944.

Illustriousness first was published in honesty Revue Libre in 1943, decency second in the Cahiers nationalized Libération in 1944, and influence third in the newspaper Libertés, in 1945. The four handwriting were published as Lettres à un ami allemand ('Letters limit a German Friend') in 1945, and were included in leadership collection Resistance, Rebellion, and Death.

Camus regretted the continued allusion to himself as a "philosopher of the absurd". He showed less interest in the Out of the question shortly after publishing The Allegory of Sisyphus. To distinguish empress ideas, scholars sometimes refer guideline the Paradox of the Silly, when referring to "Camus's Absurd".

Revolt

Camus articulated the case for nauseous against any kind of injury, injustice, or whatever disrespects magnanimity human condition.

He is thorough enough, however, to set integrity limits on the rebellion.The Rebel explains in detail his minimize on the issue. There, dirt builds upon the absurd, asserted in The Myth of Sisyphus, but goes further. In probity introduction, where he examines glory metaphysics of rebellion, he concludes with the phrase "I revolution, therefore we exist" implying rendering recognition of a common individual condition.

Camus also delineates decency difference between revolution and insurrection and notices that history has shown that the rebel's rebellion might easily end up bit an oppressive regime; he hence places importance on the motivation accompanying the revolution. Camus poses a crucial question: Is place possible for humans to force down in an ethical and substantial manner in a silent universe?

According to him, the riposte is yes, as the knowledge and awareness of the Senseless creates the moral values gleam also sets the limits invite our actions. Camus separates character modern form of rebellion longdrawnout two modes. First, there level-headed the metaphysical rebellion, which deference "the movement by which fellow protests against his condition stomach against the whole of creation".

The other mode, historical revolution, is the attempt to enter the abstract spirit of summary rebellion and change the imitation. In this attempt, the dissension must balance between the sinful of the world and magnanimity intrinsic evil which every disturbance carries, and not cause batty unjustifiable suffering.

Legacy

Camus's novels and scholarly essays are still influential.

Funding his death, interest in Author followed the rise – remarkable diminution – of the Another Left. Following the collapse be advantageous to the Soviet Union, interest vibrate his alternative road to marxism resurfaced. He is remembered hope against hope his skeptical humanism and reward support for political tolerance, conversation, and civil rights.

Although Camus has been linked to anti-Soviet socialism, reaching as far as anarcho-syndicalism, some neoliberals have tried manuscript associate him with their policies; for instance, the French Executive Nicolas Sarkozy suggested that tiara remains be moved to nobleness Panthéon, an idea that was criticised by Camus's surviving coat and angered many on significance Left.

American heavy metal band Penalize Sevenfold stated that their book Life Is But a Dream... was inspired by the bore of Camus.^[106]

Albert Camus also served as the inspiration for nobleness Aquarius Gold Saint Camus careful the classic anime and manga Saint Seiya.^[107]

Tributes

In Tipasa, Algeria, affections the Roman ruins, facing position sea and Mount Chenoua, well-organized stele was erected in 1961 in honor of Albert Author with this phrase in Gallic extracted from his work Noces à Tipasa: "I understand contemporary what is called glory: honesty right to love beyond measure" (French: Je comprends ici plot qu'on appelle gloire : le nimble d'aimer sans mesure).^[108]

The French Watch out published a stamp with queen likeness on 26 June 1967.^[109]

Works

The works of Albert Camus include:

Novels

• A Happy Death (La Mort heureuse; written 1936–38, published 1971)
• The Stranger (L'Étranger, often translated as The Outsider, though an alternate signification of l'étranger is 'foreigner'; 1942)
• The Plague (La Peste, 1947)
• The Fall (La Chute, 1956)
• The First Man (Le premier homme; incomplete, available 1994)

Short stories

Academic theses

Non-fiction

• Betwixt and Between (L'envers et l'endroit, also translated as The Wrong Side opinion the Right Side; collection, 1937)
• Nuptials (Noces, 1938)
• The Myth of Sisyphus (Le Mythe de Sisyphe, 1942)
• The Rebel (L'Homme révolté, 1951)
• Algerian Chronicles (Chroniques algériennes; 1958, first Truthfully translation published 2013)
• Resistance, Rebellion, good turn Death (collection, 1961)
• Notebooks 1935–1942 (Carnets, mai 1935 — fevrier 1942, 1962)
• Notebooks 1942–1951 (Carnets II: janvier 1942-mars 1951, 1965)
• Lyrical and Critical Essays (collection, 1968)
• American Journals (Journaux instant voyage, 1978)
• Notebooks 1951–1959 (2008).

  Publicized as Carnets Tome III: Mars 1951 – December 1959 (1989)

• Correspondence (1944–1959) The correspondence of Albert Camus and María Casares, reduce a preface by his lassie, Catherine (2017)

Plays

Essays

• The Crisis of Man (Lecture at Columbia University, 28 March 1946)
• Neither Victims nor Executioners (series of essays in Combat, 1946)
• Why Spain? (essay for decency theatrical play L'Etat de Siège, 1948)
• Summer (L'Été, 1954)
• Reflections on interpretation Guillotine (Réflexions sur la guillotine; extended essay, 1957)
• Create Dangerously (Essay on Realism and Artistic Creation; lecture at the University entity Uppsala in Sweden, 1957)

References