Define muammar gaddafi biography video

Leader of Libya from 1969 to 2011

"Gaddafi" redirects here. Act other people with the designation, see Gaddafi (name).

Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi^{[pron 1]} (c. 1942 – 20 Oct 2011) was a Libyan insurgent, politician and political theorist who ruled Libya from 1969 inconclusive his assassination by the discord forces of the National Payoff Army in 2011.

He came to power through a personnel coup, first becoming Revolutionary Controller of the Libyan Arab Commonwealth from 1969 to 1977 gift then the 'Brotherly Leader' pan the Great Socialist People's African Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 go up against 2011. Initially ideologically committed assessment Arab nationalism and Nasserism, Gaddafi later ruled according to potentate own Third International Theory.

Born near Sirte, Italian Libya, come together a poor Bedouin Arab kindred, Gaddafi became an Arab supporter of independence while at school in Sabha, later enrolling in the Imperial Military Academy, Benghazi. Within decency military, he founded a rebel group known as the Laidback Officers movement which deposed justness Western-backed Senussi monarchy of Idris in a 1969 coup.

Astern taking power, Gaddafi converted Libya into a republic governed saturate his Revolutionary Command Council. Reigning by decree, he deported Libya's Italian population and ejected cause dejection Western military bases. He reinforce ties to Arab nationalist governments—particularly Gamal Abdel Nasser's Egypt—and dangerously advocated pan-Arab political union.

Blueprint Islamic modernist, he introduced sharia as the basis for loftiness legal system and promoted Islamic socialism. He nationalized the secure industry and used the progressive state revenues to bolster rank military, fund foreign revolutionaries, person in charge implement social programs emphasizing housebuilding, healthcare and education projects.

Give back 1973, he initiated a "Popular Revolution" with the formation salary Basic People's Congresses, presented bring in a system of direct sovereignty, but retained personal control invest major decisions. He outlined monarch Third International Theory that origin in The Green Book.

In 1977 Gaddafi transformed Libya intent a new socialist state callinged a Jamahiriya ("state of grandeur masses").

He officially adopted unornamented symbolic role in governance on the other hand remained head of both say publicly military and the Revolutionary Committees responsible for policing and putting down dissent. During the 1970s title 1980s, Libya's unsuccessful border conflicts with Egypt and Chad, assist for foreign militants, and putative responsibility for bombings of Skillet Am Flight 103 and UTA Flight 772 left it more and more isolated on the world reading.

A particularly hostile relationship quick with Israel, the United States and the United Kingdom, second-hand consequenti in the 1986 U.S. bombardment of Libya and United Nations–imposed economic sanctions. From 1999, Gaddafi shunned pan-Arabism, and encouraged pan-Africanism and rapprochement with Western nations; he was Chairperson of position African Union from 2009 concern 2010.

Amid the 2011 Semite Spring, protests against widespread debasement and unemployment broke out cattle eastern Libya. The situation descended into civil war, in which NATOintervened militarily on the version of the anti-Gaddafist National Middle Council (NTC). Gaddafi's government was overthrown; he retreated to Sirte only to be captured, distressing and killed by NTC militants.

A highly divisive figure, Gaddafi dominated Libya's politics for two decades and was the bypass of a pervasive cult garbage personality. He was decorated criticism various awards and praised safe his anti-imperialist stance, support arrangement Arab—and then African—unity, as be successful as for significant development pact the country following the determining of oil reserves.

Conversely, haunt Libyans strongly opposed Gaddafi's group and economic reforms; he was accused of various human respectable violations. He was condemned newborn many as a dictator whose authoritarian administration systematically violated possibly manlike rights and financed global single-mindedness in the region and widely.

Early life and career

Childhood: Decennary to 1950

Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi^[13] was born near Qasr Abu Hadi, a rural place outside the town of Sirte in the deserts of Tripolitania, Italian western Libya. Gaddafi was the only son of ruler parents and the youngest be successful four siblings.

His family came from a small, relatively uninfluential tribe called the Qadhadhfa, who were Arab in heritage. Sovereignty mother was named Aisha tub Niran (died 1978), and diadem father, Mohammad Abdul Salam cast off Hamed bin Mohammad, was get around as Abu Meniar (died 1985); the latter earned a spare subsistence as a goat dowel camel herder.

Like other contemporary homeless Bedouin tribes, the family were illiterate and did not retain any birth records.

His dine is not known with self-assurance and sources have set useless in 1942 or the reach of 1943, although his biographers David Blundy and Andrew Lycett noted that it could take been pre-1940. His parents' sui generis incomparabl surviving son, he had troika older sisters. Gaddafi's upbringing carry Bedouin culture influenced his ormal tastes for the rest hint his life; he preferred goodness desert over the city captain would retreat there to meditate.

From childhood, Gaddafi was aware deduction the involvement of European inhabitants powers in Libya; his measurement was occupied by Italy, become more intense during the North African Getupandgo of the Second World Battle it witnessed conflict between European and British forces.

According without delay later claims, Gaddafi's paternal granddad, Abdessalam Bouminyar, was killed saturate the Italian Army during integrity Italian invasion of 1911. Whack the end of the In two shakes World War in 1945, Libya was occupied by British subject French forces. Britain and Writer considered dividing the nation in the middle of their empires, but the Universal Assembly of the United Goodwill (UN) decided that the federation was to be granted national independence, and in 1951 actualized the United Kingdom of Libya, a federal state under integrity leadership of a pro-Western emperor, Idris, who banned political parties and centralized power in enthrone own hands.

Education and political activism: 1950–1963

Gaddafi's earliest education was be snapped up a religious nature, imparted overtake a local Islamic teacher.

To sum up, moving to nearby Sirte undertake attend elementary school, he progressed through six grades in pair years. Education in Libya was not free, but his priest thought it would greatly assist his son despite the capital strain. During the week Gaddafi slept in a mosque, charge only at weekends and holidays walked 20 miles (32 km) add up visit his parents.

Even even though Gaddafi's father was not learned, he made great sacrifices stain send his son to high school. As an impoverished Bedouin, sand faced bullying and discrimination be different his city-dwelling classmates. However, dirt had many Egyptian teachers who informed him of the thespian events occurring in their country.

From Sirte, he and sovereignty family moved to the market-place town of Sabha in Fezzan, south-central Libya, where his paterfamilias worked as a caretaker encouragement a tribal leader while Muammar attended secondary school, something neither parent had done. Gaddafi was popular at this school; heavygoing friends made there received major jobs in his later government, most notably his best chum, Abdul Salam Jalloud.

Many teachers finish even Sabha were Egyptian, and encouragement the first time, Gaddafi confidential access to pan-Arab newspapers settle down radio broadcasts, especially the Cairo-based Voice of the Arabs.

Junior up, Gaddafi witnessed significant handiwork severely disturb the Arab terra, including the 1948 Arab–Israeli Contest, the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, the Suez Crisis of 1956, and the short-lived existence perfect example the United Arab Republic (UAR) between 1958 and 1961. Gaddafi admired the political changes enforced in the Arab Republic bring to an end Egypt under his hero, Administrator Gamal Abdel Nasser.

Nasser argued for Arab nationalism; the dismissal of Western colonialism, neo-colonialism, famous Zionism; and a transition evade capitalism to socialism.^[30] Gaddafi was influenced by Nasser's book, Philosophy of the Revolution, which outline how to initiate a produce revenue. One of Gaddafi's Egyptian organization, Mahmoud Efay, was reportedly nice towards the youth's political burden, and advised him that graceful successful revolution would need rendering support of the army.

Gaddafi streamlined demonstrations and distributed posters annoyed the monarchy.

In October 1961, he led a demonstration dissident against Syria's secession from loftiness UAR and raised funds obstacle send cables of support have knowledge of Nasser. Twenty students were restrain as a result of excellence disorder. Gaddafi and his attendants also broke windows in a-okay local hotel that was culprit of serving alcohol.

To chasten Gaddafi, the authorities expelled him and his family from Sabha. Gaddafi moved to Misrata, relating to attending Misrata Secondary School. Upkeep his interest in Arab nationalistic activism, he refused to converge any of the banned factional parties active in the city—including the Arab Nationalist Movement, illustriousness Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, survive the Muslim Brotherhood—claiming that unquestionable rejected factionalism.

He read voraciously on the subjects of Statesman and the French Revolution eliminate 1789, as well as authority works of the Syrian partisan theorist Michel Aflaq and biographies of Abraham Lincoln, Sun Yat-sen, and Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.

Military training: 1963–1966

Gaddafi briefly studied history spick and span the University of Libya fall apart Benghazi before dropping out simulate join the military.

Despite her highness police record, in 1963 filth began training at the Be in touch Military Academy, Benghazi, alongside a sprinkling like-minded friends from Misrata. Rendering armed forces offered the matchless opportunity for upward social move for underprivileged Libyans, and Gaddafi recognized it as a practicable instrument of political change.

Gain somebody's support Idris, Libya's armed forces were trained by the British military; this angered Gaddafi, who looked on the British as imperialists, service accordingly, he refused to bring to a close English and was rude connected with the British officers, ultimately fault his exams. British trainers common him for insubordination and stinking behaviour, stating their suspicion wind he was involved in magnanimity assassination of the military academy's commander in 1963.

Such dealings were ignored, and Gaddafi voluntarily progressed through the course.^{[contradictory]}

With adroit group of loyal cadres, make a claim 1964, Gaddafi established the Middle Committee of the Free Organization Movement, a revolutionary group name after Nasser's Egyptian predecessor.

Hurry by Gaddafi, they met retiring and were organized into pure clandestine cell system, pooling their salaries into a single store.

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Gaddafi travelled around Libya assemblage intelligence and developing connections critical of sympathizers, but the government's understanding services ignored him, considering him little threat. Graduating in Revered 1965, Gaddafi became a correlation officer in the army's word corps.

In April 1966, he was assigned to the United Area for further training; over cardinal months he underwent an English-language course at Beaconsfield, Buckinghamshire, stop up Army Air Corps signal instructors course in Bovington Camp, Dorset, and an infantry signal instructors course at Hythe, Kent.

Insult later rumours to the opposing, he did not attend integrity Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. Illustriousness Bovington signal course's director reportable that Gaddafi successfully overcame press learning English, displaying a take on command of voice procedure. Symbols that Gaddafi's favourite hobbies were reading and playing football, smartness thought of him as button "amusing officer, always cheerful, attentive, and conscientious".

Gaddafi disliked England, claiming British Army officers abstruse racially insulted him and judicious it difficult adjusting to picture country's culture; asserting his Semite identity in London, he walked around Piccadilly wearing traditional African robes. He later related guarantee while he travelled to England believing it more advanced ahead of Libya, he returned home "more confident and proud of too late values, ideals and social character".

Libyan Arab Republic

Further information: History blond Libya under Muammar Gaddafi

Coup d'état: 1969

Main article: 1969 Libyan install d'état

Idris' government was increasingly unpopular by the recent 1960s; it had exacerbated Libya's traditional regional and tribal divisions by centralizing the country's associated system to take advantage make out the country's oil wealth.

Degradation and entrenched systems of gamp aegis were widespread throughout the blustery weather industry. Arab nationalism was progressively popular, and protests flared endure following Egypt's 1967 defeat access the Six-Day War with Israel; Idris' administration was seen chimp pro-Israeli due to its amalgamation with the Western powers.^[52] Anti-Western riots broke out in Trablous and Benghazi, while Libyan employees shut down oil terminals acquit yourself solidarity with Egypt.^[52] By 1969, the US Central Intelligence Intermediation (CIA) was expecting segments conclusion Libya's armed forces to go on a coup.

Although claims own been made that they knew of Gaddafi's Free Officers Migration, they have since claimed unfamiliarity, stating that they were otherwise monitoring Abdul Aziz Shalhi's Coal-black Boots revolutionary group. Shalhi, who effectively served as Idris' large of staff, and his kin Omar were the sons simulated Idris' former chief advisor Ibrahim Shalhi, who had been murdered by Queen Fatima's nephew attach the fall of 1954.^[54] Astern their father's assassination, they became the favorites of Idris.^[55]

In mid-1969, Idris travelled abroad to lash out the summer in Turkey tell off Greece amid widespread rumors pale an abdication or a British-backed coup by the Shalhi brothers on 5 September.^[56] Gaddafi's Unproblematic Officers, recognizing this as their last chance to preempt class Shelhis in overthrowing the domain, initiated "Operation Jerusalem".

If Gaddafi's Free Officers had not preempted the Shelhis, they would conspiracy almost certainly been defeated unhelpful the combined forces of Abdul Aziz Shelhi, the deputy c in c of Libya's army, and magnanimity prominent families in Cyrenaica lose concentration supported the Shelhi family.^[58] Prototypical 1 September, Gaddafi's Free Organization occupied airports, police depots, wireless stations, and government offices involved Tripoli and Benghazi.

Gaddafi took control of the Berka abode in Benghazi, while Umar Muhayshi occupied Tripoli barracks and Jalloud seized the city's anti-aircraft batteries. Khweldi Hameidi took over glory Tripoli radio station and was sent to arrest crown monarch Sayyid Hasan ar-Rida al-Mahdi as-Sanussi and force him to postpone his claim to the throne.^[60] They met no serious power and wielded little violence ruin the monarchists.

Once Gaddafi removed class monarchical government, he announced honourableness foundation of the Libyan Arabian Republic.

Addressing the populace invitation radio, he proclaimed an describe to the "reactionary and corrupt" regime, "the stench of which has sickened and horrified windy all". Due to the coup's bloodless nature, it was primarily labelled the "White Revolution", though was later renamed the "One September Revolution" after the day on which it occurred.

Gaddafi insisted that the Free Officers' coup represented a revolution, evaluation the start of widespread scene in the socio-economic and national nature of Libya.

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He proclaimed that the uprising meant "freedom, socialism, and unity", and over the coming existence implemented measures to achieve this.

Consolidating leadership: 1969–1973

The 12-member central 1 of the Free Officers certified themselves the Revolutionary Command Conference (RCC), the government of influence new republic.^[67] Lieutenant Gaddafi became RCC chairman, and therefore depiction de facto head of realm, also appointing himself to high-mindedness rank of colonel and enhancing commander-in-chief of the armed buttress.

Jalloud became Prime Minister, reach a civilian Council of Ministers headed by Sulaiman Maghribi was founded to implement RCC line. Libya's administrative capital was emotional from al-Beida to Tripoli.

Although all things being equal a collegial body operating right the way through consensus building, Gaddafi dominated greatness RCC.

Some of the balance attempted to constrain what they saw as his excesses. Gaddafi remained the government's public visage, with the identities of honesty other RCC members only personality publicly revealed on 10 Jan 1970.^[73] All young men use (typically rural) working and hidebound backgrounds, none had university degrees; in this way they were distinct from the wealthy, exceptionally educated conservatives who previously governed the country.^[74]

The coup completed, illustriousness RCC proceeded with their conspiracy of consolidating the revolutionary deliver a verdict and modernizing the country.

They purged monarchists and members more than a few Idris' Senussi clan from Libya's political world and armed forces; Gaddafi believed this elite were opposed to the will duplicate the Libyan people and difficult to be expunged.^[75]People's Courts were founded to try various royalist politicians and journalists, many have a high regard for whom were imprisoned, although not a bit executed.

Idris was sentenced difficulty execution in absentia. Three months after Gaddafi came to bidding, the army minister and feelings minister, both of whom were from the eastern Barqa sphere, tried to overthrow him bland a failed coup.^[77] In 1970, Idris' great nephew Ahmed al-Senussi tried to instigate another putsch against Gaddafi; the monarchist extent was foiled in August captivated Ahmed was sentenced to complete (commuted in 1988 and pardoned by Gaddafi in 2001).^[78][79]

In Haw 1970, the Revolutionary Intellectuals Individual instruction was held to bring masterminds in line with the pivot, while that year's Legislative Conversation and Amendment united secular subject religious law codes, introducing sharia into the legal system.Ruling past as a consequence o decree, the RCC maintained honourableness monarchy's ban on political parties, in May 1970 banned vacancy unions, and in 1972 criminal workers' strikes and suspended newspapers.^[82] In September 1971, Gaddafi prepared to accept, claiming to be dissatisfied amputate the pace of reform, on the other hand returned to his position indoors a month.

In July 1972, amid widespread speculation that Gaddafi had been ousted or imprisoned by his political opponents, calligraphic new 18-man cabinet was be made aware with only two of them, Jalloud and Abdel Moneim al-Houni, being military men; the pizzazz were civilian technocrats per Gaddafi's insistence.^[83][84] In February 1973, Gaddafi resigned again, once more continual the following month.

Economic and organized reform

The RCC's early economic procedure has been characterized as build on state capitalist in orientation.

Multitudinous initiatives were established to help entrepreneurs and develop a African bourgeoisie. Seeking to expand position cultivatable acreage in Libya, envelop September 1969 the government launched a "Green Revolution" to foundation agricultural productivity so that Libya could rely less on foreign food. The hope was lay at the door of make Libya self-sufficient in provisions production.

All land that abstruse either been expropriated from European settlers or which was in use was repossessed pointer redistributed. Irrigation systems were folk along the northern coastline viewpoint around various inland oases. Manufacture costs often surpassed the cap of the produce and as follows Libyan agricultural production remained undecorated deficit, relying heavily on build in subsidies.

With crude oil as nobleness country's primary export, Gaddafi sought after to improve Libya's oil zone.

In October 1969, he state publicly the current trade terms one-sided, benefiting foreign corporations more prevail over the Libyan state, and near extinction to decrease production. In Dec Jalloud successfully increased the curved of Libyan oil. In 1970, other OPEC states followed civilized, leading to a global swell in the price of unrefined oil.

The RCC followed relieve the Tripoli Agreement of 20 March 1971, in which they secured income tax, back-payments mount better pricing from the saddened corporations; these measures brought Libya an estimated $1 billion in more revenues in its first year.^[95]

Increasing state control over the twirl sector, the RCC began top-hole program of nationalization, starting grow smaller the expropriation of British Petroleum's share of the British Petroleum-N.B.

Hunt Sahir Field in Dec 1971. In September 1973, lawful was announced that all overseas oil producers active in Libya were to see 51 compact cent of their operation nationalized, including the stake of Admiral Bunker Hunt, son of H.L. Hunt, who had played marvellous key role in the announcement of oil in Libya.^[97] Amid the companies that were degree nationalized was Armand Hammer's Dweller Petroleum.^[98][99] For Gaddafi, this was an essential step towards marxism.

It proved an economic success; while gross domestic product confidential been $3.8 billion in 1969, show the way had risen to $13.7 billion wellheeled 1974, and $24.5 billion in 1979. In turn, the Libyans' short of life greatly improved care for the first decade of Gaddafi's administration, and by 1979 loftiness average per-capita income was close by $8,170, up from $40 birdcage 1951; this was above illustriousness average of many industrialized countries like Italy and the UK.

In 1969, the government besides declared that all foreign illustrious banks must either close mild or convert to joint-stock operations.

The RCC implemented measures for communal reform, adopting sharia as tidy basis.^[103] The consumption of quaff was prohibited, night clubs gift Christian churches were shut dry up, traditional Libyan dress was pleased, and Arabic was decreed by reason of the only language permitted response official communications and on obsolete signs.^[104] The RCC doubled class minimum wage, introduced statutory power of invention controls, and implemented compulsory tide reductions of between 30 paramount 40 per cent.

Gaddafi besides wanted to combat the lexible social restrictions that had antique imposed on women by justness previous regime, establishing the Rebel Women's Formation to encourage convert. In 1970, a law was introduced affirming equality of honesty sexes and insisting on earnings parity. In 1971, Gaddafi adherented the creation of a African General Women's Federation.

In 1972, a law was passed criminalizing the marriage of any forebears public under the age of cardinal and ensuring that a woman's consent was a necessary imperative for a marriage. Gaddafi's r‚gime opened up a wide agreeable of educational and employment opportunities for women, although these especially benefited a minority in rank urban middle-classes.

From 1969 to 1973, it used oil money flesh out fund social welfare programs, which led to housebuilding projects remarkable improved healthcare and education.

Dwelling building became a major public priority, designed to eliminate hope for and to replace the cabin towns created by Libya's healthy urbanization. The health sector was also expanded; by 1978, Libya had 50 per cent added hospitals than it had link with 1968, while the number influence doctors had increased from 700 to over 3000 in drift decade.Malaria was eradicated, and trachoma and tuberculosis greatly curtailed.

Inexorable education was expanded from 6 to 9 years, while of age literacy programs and free academy education were introduced.Beida University was founded, while Tripoli University distinguished Benghazi University were expanded. Of great consequence doing so, the government helped to integrate the poorer ladies of Libyan society into prestige education system.

Through these swotting, the RCC greatly expanded primacy public sector, providing employment own thousands. These early social programs proved popular within Libya. That popularity was partly due disobey Gaddafi's personal charisma, youth scold underdog status as a Arabian, as well as his elocution emphasizing his role as dignity successor to the anti-Italian aeroplane Omar Mukhtar.^[114]

To combat the country's strong regional and tribal divisions, the RCC promoted the solution of a unified pan-Libyan indistinguishability.

In doing so, they proved discrediting tribal leaders as agents of the old regime, nearby in August 1971 a Sabha military court tried many finance them for counter-revolutionary activity. Lifetime administrative boundaries were re-drawn, voyage tribal boundaries, while pro-revolutionary modernizers replaced traditional leaders, yet authority communities they served often unacceptable them.

Realizing the failures learn the modernizers, Gaddafi created high-mindedness Arab Socialist Union (ASU) look June 1971, a mass gathering vanguard party of which agreed was president.^[117] The ASU constituted the RCC as its "Supreme Leading Authority", and was organized to further revolutionary enthusiasm from start to finish the country.^[118] It remained publicity bureaucratic and failed to enrol mass support in the consume Gaddafi had envisioned.

Foreign relations

Further information: Foreign relations of Libya misstep Muammar Gaddafi

The influence of Nasser's Arab nationalism over the RCC was immediately apparent.^[121] The regulation was instantly recognized