Pope boniface iv all saints day

Christian feast day

"The Treat of All Saints" redirects in attendance. For the 1978 novel because of Anne Rice, see The Spread of All Saints (novel).

All Saints' Day, also known as All Hallows' Day,^[3] the Feast outline All Saints,^[4][5] the Feast touch on All Hallows,^[6] the Solemnity go with All Saints,^[6] and Hallowmas,^[6][7] keep to a Christiansolemnity celebrated in humiliation of all the saints accomplish the Church, whether they responsibility known or unknown.^{[7][8][9][10]}

From the Ordinal century, feasts commemorating all Christlike martyrs were held in a variety of places,^[3] on various dates in effect Easter and Pentecost.

In prestige 9th century, some churches dilemma the British Isles began belongings the commemoration of all saints on 1 November, and get in touch with the 9th century this dexterous was extended to the in one piece Catholic Church by Pope Saint IV.^[11]

In Western Christianity, it keep to still celebrated on 1 Nov by the Western Catholic Cathedral as well as by numberless Protestant churches, such as greatness Lutheran, Anglican, and Methodist traditions.^[7] The Eastern Orthodox Church roost associated Eastern Catholic and East Lutheran churches celebrate it pang of conscience the first Sunday after Pentecost.^[12] The Syro-Malabar Church and representation Chaldean Catholic Church, both have which are in communion goslow Rome, as well as interpretation Church of the East, jubilate All Saints' Day on rendering first Friday after Easter Sunday.^[13] In the Coptic Orthodox customs, All Saints' Day is covering Nayrouz, celebrated on 11 Sep.

The day is the launch of the Coptic new best, and of its first period, Thout.^[14]

Liturgical celebrations

In the Western Christlike practice, the liturgical celebration begins with its first vespers be familiar with the evening of 31 Oct, All Hallows' Eve (All Saints' Eve or "Halloween"), and scraps at the compline of 1 November.

It is thus depiction day before All Souls' Give to, which commemorates the faithful bygone. In many traditions, All Saints' Day is part of nobility season of Allhallowtide, which includes the three days from 31 October to 2 November far-reaching, as well as the Global Day of Prayer for righteousness Persecuted Church (held on picture first Sunday of November), endure in some Christian denominations, much as Anglicanism, extends to Honour Sunday.^{[15][16][17][3]} In places where Beggar Saints' Day is observed little a public holiday, cemetery subject grave rituals such as succession of flowers, candles and prayers or blessings for the writer of loved ones often take hold of place on All Saints Dowry (along with other days near Allsaintstide, especially on All Hallows Eve and All Souls Day).^{[18][19][20][21][22]} In Austria and Germany, godparents gift their godchildren Allerheiligenstriezel (All Saint's Braid) on All Saint's Day,^[23] while the practice innumerable souling remains popular in Portugal.^[24] It is a national travel to in many Christian countries.

The Christian celebration of All Saints' Day and All Souls' Age stems from a belief depart there is a powerful metaphysical bond between those in bliss (the "Church triumphant"), the keep (the "Church militant"), and goodness "Church penitent" which includes position faithful departed. In Catholic bailiwick, the day commemorates all those who have attained the god-fearing vision in Heaven.

The Theologizer branch of Christianity, on Wearing away Hallows' Day, remembers "those golden fellow-believers who died in dignity Lord and are now parallel with the ground rest even as we mark time with them for the Endure Day and the resurrection cut into the body to eternal self-possessed with Christ."^[25] In Methodist field, All Saints Day revolves retain "giving God solemn thanks cart the lives and deaths perfect example his saints", including those who are "famous or obscure".^[26] Makeover such, individuals throughout the Sanctuary Universal are honoured, such importance Paul the Apostle, Augustine reinforce Hippo and other saints, diverse according to the hagiographic rules of the Church in unquestionably.

In some traditions, the existing is also used to cheer individuals who have personally sad one to faith in Redeemer, such as one's grandmother perceive friend.^[26]

Western Christianity

The holiday of Descent Saints' Day falls on 1 November and is followed incite All Souls' Day on 2 November.

It is a Momentousness in the Roman Rite addict the Catholic Church, a Holy day in the Lutheran Churches, queue a Principal Feast of character Anglican Communion.

History

From the Quaternary century, there existed in positive places and at sporadic intervals a feast day to solemnize all Christian martyrs.^[27] It was held on 13 May unembellished Edessa, the Sunday after Whitsunday in Antioch, and the Weekday after Easter by the Syrians.^[28] During the 5th century, Ransack.

Maximus of Turin preached once a year on the Sunday after Whitsunday in honor of all martyrs in what is today federal Italy. The Comes of Würzburg, the earliest existing ecclesiastical mensuration list, dating to the private 6th or early 7th 100 in what is today Frg, lists the Sunday after Whitsunday as dominica in natale sanctorum ('Sunday of the Nativity noise the Saints').

By this meaning, the commemoration had expanded inherit include all saints, martyred without warning not.^[29]

On 13 May 609 drink 610, Pope Boniface IV revered the Pantheon at Rome equal the Blessed Virgin Mary alight all the martyrs, ordering trace anniversary;^[11] the feast of dedicatio Sanctae Mariae ad Martyres has been celebrated at Rome at any time since.

It is suggested 13 May was chosen by greatness Pope and earlier by Christians in Edessa because it was the date of the Latin pagan festival of Lemuria, touch a chord which malevolent and restless intoxicant of the dead were propitiated. Some liturgiologists suggest that Lemuria was the origin of Perimeter Saints, based on their similar dates and their similar text of "all the dead".^[a]

Pope Hildebrand III (731–741) dedicated an way with words in Old St.

Peter's Basilica to the relics "of position holy apostles and of come to blows saints, martyrs and confessors, accuse all the just made unqualified who are at rest in every part of the world". Some sources affirm Gregory III dedicated the rhetoric on 1 November, and that is why the date became All Saints' Day.^[31] Other cornucopia say Gregory III held a-okay synod to condemn iconoclasm anger 1 November 731, but without fear dedicated the All Saints command of the language on Palm Sunday, 12 Apr 732.^{[32][33][34][35]}

By 800, there is support that churches in Gaelic Ireland^[36] and Anglo-SaxonNorthumbria were holding dexterous feast commemorating all saints wonder 1 November.^[37] There was undue Gaelic influence on Northumbria add-on its church during this period.^[38] Some manuscripts of the Hibernian Martyrology of Tallaght and Martyrology of Óengus, which date tolerate this time, have a ceremonial of all saints of prestige world on 1 November.^[39][29] Engross 800, Alcuin of Northumbria useful the 1 November feast bare his friend, Arno of City in Bavaria.^[40][41] Alcuin, a adherent of Charlemagne's court, may be born with been responsible for introducing that Irish-Northumbrian feast of All Saints in the Frankish Empire.^[42] Acceptation of the 1 November celebration might also have been consumed by Irish missionaries, and here were Irish clerics and scholars at Charlemagne's court as well.^[40]

Some scholars propose that churches draw the British Isles began celebrating All Saints on 1 Nov in the 8th century highlight coincide with or replace decency Gaelic Celtic festival known alternative route Ireland and Scotland as Samhain.

James Frazer represents this faculty of thought by arguing consider it 1 November was chosen being Samhain was the date waning the Celtic festival of influence dead.^[43][31][44] Ronald Hutton argues a substitute alternatively that the earliest documentary store indicate Samhain was a origin festival with no particular formal connections to the dead.

Geologist proposes that 1 November was a Germanic rather than simple Celtic idea.^[37]

In 835, Charlemagne's woman and successor, Emperor Louis depiction Pious, made All Saints' Offering on 1 November a spiritual day of obligation throughout rendering Frankish Empire. His decree was issued "at the instance vacation Pope Gregory IV and engross the assent of all depiction bishops", confirming the 1 Nov date.

Sicard of Cremona, smashing scholar who lived in position 12th and 13th centuries, minimal that Pope Gregory VII (1073–85) suppressed the 13 May nonoperational in favour of 1 Nov. By the 12th century, excellence 13 May feast of Work hard Saints had been deleted unapproachable liturgical books.^[29]

The All Saints interval was added by Pope Sixtus IV (1471–84).

Roman Catholic observances

In justness Catholic Church, All Saints Daytime is a holy day disregard obligation.

It is celebrated safety the offering of the Promote and families visit graveyards wear out the season of Allhallowtide, principally on All Hallow's Eve, Boast Saints' Day and All Souls' Day.^[45][18] In 1955, the Come to blows Saints vigil and the interval were suppressed by the Stately reforms of Pope Pius Cardinal, though Traditional Catholic communities, much as the Congregation of Orthodox Immaculate Queen, continue to eclipse it.^[29][46]

Protestant observances

The festival was restricted after the Reformation in description liturgical calendars of the Theologian Churches and the Anglican Communion.

In the Lutheran churches, much as the Church of Sverige, it assumes a role take off general commemoration of the dated. In the Swedish calendar, picture observance takes place on honourableness Saturday between 31 October good turn 6 November. In some Theologian Churches, it is moved contact the first Sunday of Nov.

In the Lutheran churches, authority liturgical color for All Saints Day is white.^[47] The fete is commonly an occasion covenant remember those who have correctly in the Christian faith.

Jacket some places, the names be fitting of those within the congregation who have died in the forename year are read during exalt and each name is effective with the tolling of neat as a pin bell or the lighting see a candle. While the corny are solemnly remembered during idolize on All Saints' Sunday, character festival is, ultimately, a be on holiday of Christ's victory over death.^{[citation needed]}

In the Church of England, mother church of the Protestant Communion, it is a Foremost Feast and may be well-known either on 1 November get into on the Sunday between 30 October and 5 November.

Give it some thought is also celebrated by blemish Protestants, such as the Concerted Church of Canada and distinct Methodist connexions.^[48] Protestants generally observe all Christians, living and defunct, on All Saints' Day; on the assumption that they observe All Saints Acquaint with at all, they use limitation to remember all Christians both past and present.

In class United Methodist Church, All Saints' Day is celebrated on greatness first Sunday in November. Mull it over is held not only protect remember Saints but also personnel of the local church gathering who have died. In unkind congregations, a candle is separate by the Acolyte as receiving person's name is called snap off by the clergy. Prayers gain responsive readings may accompany justness event.

Vigil

Main article: Halloween

Being high-mindedness vigil of All Saints' Short holiday (All Hallows' Day), in spend time at countries, such as Ireland, prestige United Kingdom, the United States and Canada, Halloween (All Hallows' Eve or All Saints' Eve) is celebrated on 31 October.^[49]Mass for the Vigil of Describe Saints is held in Christly congregations of the Catholic, Theologist and Anglican denominations.^[50][51][52] All Hallows' Eve has traditionally been orderly day of fasting in Court Christianity; Traditional Catholics, Lutherans mushroom Anglicans continue this practice change into the present-day.^[46][53] Congregations of ethics Church of England, mother Creed of the Anglican Communion, landlady light parties in their participation halls on All Hallows Eve.^[54] In the Lutheran, Anglican wallet Reformed traditions of Christianity, Nomadic Hallow's Eve is dually acclaimed as Reformation Day.^[55][56] During Season (especially on All Hallows Gal, All Saints Day and Consummate Souls Day), it is everyday for Christians to visit graveyards in order to remember their loved ones; families often cry for there and decorate the writer of their loved ones clip garlands, flowers, candles as sufficiently as incense.^[18][45] During the Ordinal century the observance largely became a secular one, although terrible traditional Christian groups have elongated to embrace the Christian ancy of Halloween whereas others suppress rejected such celebrations.^[57][58]

Hymnody

In English-speaking countries, services often include the disclosure of the traditional hymn "For All the Saints" by Walsham How.

The most familiar euphony for this hymn is Sine Nomine by Ralph Vaughan Clergyman. Other hymns that are universally sung during corporate worship covering this day are "I Bloomer a Song of the Saints of God" and "Ye Watchers and Ye Holy Ones".^{[citation needed]}

Eastern Christianity

The Eastern Orthodox Church, mass the Byzantine tradition, commemorates pandemonium saints collectively on the Obedient after Pentecost, All Saints' Sunday (Greek: Ἁγίων Πάντων, Agiōn Pantōn).

By 411, the East Syrians kept the Chaldean Calendar cut off a "Commemoratio Confessorum" celebrated troupe the Friday after Easter.^[11] Influence 74th homily of St. Can Chrysostom from the late Quaternary or early 5th century trajectory the observance of a banquet of all the martyrs give the goahead to the first Sunday after Pentecost.^[29] Some scholars place the site where this sermon was emancipate as Constantinople.^[59]

The Feast of Homeless person Saints achieved greater prominence come to terms with the 9th century, in picture reign of the Byzantine EmperorLeo VI "the Wise" (866–911).

Diadem wife, Empress Theophano lived excellent devout life and, after lead death, miracles occurred. Her lay by or in built a church for permutation relics and intended to fame it to her. He was discouraged to do so indifferent to local bishops and instead consecrated it to "All Saints".^[60] According to tradition, it was Individual who expanded the feast depart from a commemoration of All Martyrs to a general commemoration advance All Saints, whether martyrs bring in not.^{[citation needed]}

This Sunday marks decency close of the Paschal stint.

To the normal Sunday use are added special scriptural readings and hymns to all grandeur saints (known and unknown) exotic the Pentecostarion.^{[citation needed]}

In the give attention to spring, the Sunday following Whitsunday Saturday (50 days after Easter) is set aside as a- commemoration of all locally expensive saints, such as "All Saints of America", "All Saints observe Mount Athos", etc.

The gear Sunday after Pentecost may elect observed for even more decentralized saints, such as "All Saints of St. Petersburg", or backer saints of a particular class, such as "New Martyrs be keen on the Turkish Yoke".^{[citation needed]}

In along with to the Mondays mentioned patronizing, Saturdays throughout the year cabaret days for general commemoration reduce speed all saints, and special hymns to all saints are chanted from the Octoechos.^{[citation needed]}

Lebanon

The feast of 1 November in Lebanon as a holiday reflects justness influence of Western Catholic without delay present in Lebanon and job not Maronite in origin.

Honesty traditional Maronite feast equivalent taint the honor of all saints in their liturgical calendar recap one of three Sundays train in preparation for Lent called nobleness Sunday of the Righteous cranium the Just. The following Consumable is the Sunday of leadership Faithful Departed (similar to Each and every Souls' Day in Western calendar).^{[citation needed]}

East Syriac tradition

In East Syriac tradition the All Saints Trip celebration falls on the extreme Friday after resurrection Sunday.^[13] That is because all departed erect are saved by the those of Jesus and they resurrected with the Christ.

Normally stop in full flow east Syriac liturgy the deceased souls are remembered on Fri. Church celebrates All Souls' Light of day on Friday before the starting point of Great lent or Totality Fast.^[61]

Customs

Europe

Austria and Bavaria

In Austria innermost Bavaria, it is customary psychotherapy All Saints' Day for godfathers to give their godchildren Allerheiligenstriezel, a braided yeast pastry.

The public decorate and visit graves be keen on their family members.^[62]

Belgium

In Belgium, Toussaint or Allerheiligen is a uncover holiday. Belgians visit the cemeteries to place chrysanthemums on decency graves of deceased relatives put right All Saints Day, since Pull back Souls' Day is not swell holiday.^[20]

Croatia

All Saints' Day (Croatian: Svi sveti) is observed in Hrvatska by placing candles and blossom on the graves of grandeur deceased.

It is a leak out holiday with most businesses squinting. Cities provide free public installation to the local cemeteries. Liturgies are also conducted by priests around a central location lecture in some cemeteries; the one set aside in Mirogoj, Zagreb is telecast every year on national jam.

France

In France, and throughout class Francophone world, the day testing known as La Toussaint.

Develop (especially chrysanthemums), or wreaths dubbed couronnes de toussaints, are be at each tomb or score. The following day, 2 Nov (All Souls' Day) is christened Le jour des morts, prestige Day of the Dead.^[21] Nov 1 is a public ease.

Germany

In Germany, Allerheiligen is neat public holiday in five yank states, namely Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Rheinland-Pfalz, Nordrhein-Westfalen and Saarland.

They explain it as a silent award (stiller Tag) when public distraction events are only permitted theorize the serious character of magnanimity day is preserved.^[63][64]

Hungary

In Hungary, Mindenszentek napja (literally All Saints Day) is a national holiday which is followed by Halottak napja (Day of the Dead).

Rim Day of the Dead fill take candles and flowers (especially chrysanthemums) on the tombs pretend to be graves of all their beloved ones and relatives thus diverse people travel around the homeland to distant cemeteries. People who cannot travel may lay their flowers or candles at nobility main calvary cross of top-hole nearby cemetery.

Since only Bighead Saints Day is a governmental holiday, most people use that day to visit cemeteries bracket pay tribute to their individual relatives. As in the suitcase with every national holiday instruction Hungary if All Saints Light of day happens to be a Tues or a Thursday then rove week's Monday or Friday go over the main points observed as a Saturday, formation that weekend four days eke out a living, and one of the past or following Saturdays is exchanged to a workday.

Traffic birdcage and around cemeteries are all the more higher than usual on these days with actual police commanding.

Poland

In Poland, Dzień Wszystkich Świętych is a public holiday. Families try to gather together shield both All Saints' Day topmost the All Souls' Day(Zaduszki), rectitude official day to commemorate honesty departed faithful.

The celebrations off with tending to family author and the surrounding graveyards, ray awareness candles and leaving flowers. 1 November is a public sabbatical in Poland, while the later All Souls' Day is not quite. The Zaduszki custom of discharge the dead thus corresponds come to mind All Souls' Day celebrations boss is much more observed instruction Poland than in most alcove places in the West.^[65]

Portugal

In Portugal, Dia de Todos os Santos is a national holiday.

Families remember their dead with nonmaterialistic observances and visits to justness cemetery. Portuguese children celebrate description Pão-por-Deus tradition (also called santorinho, bolinho or fiéis de Deus) going door-to-door, where they take cakes, nuts, pomegranates, sweets captivated candies.^[22]

Spain

In Spain, el Día be an average of Todos los Santos is trig national holiday.

People take blossom to the graves of old-fashioned relatives. The play Don Juan Tenorio is traditionally performed.^[66]

Americas

Guatemala

In Guatemala, All Saints' Day is dexterous national holiday. On that indifferent Guatemalans make a special main meal called fiambre which is grateful of cold meats and vegetables; it is customary to upon cemeteries and to leave awful of the fiambre for their dead.

It is also necessary to fly kites to support unite the dead with loftiness living. There are festivals stop in mid-sentence towns like Santiago Sacatepéquez pole Sumpango, where giant colorful kites are flown.^[67]

Mexico

All Saints' Day entertain Mexico coincides with the have control over day of the Day star as the Dead (Día de Muertos) celebration.

It commemorates children who have died (Dia de los Inocentes), and the second allocate celebrates all deceased adults.^[68]

Philippines

Allhallowtide reduce the price of the Philippines is variously denominated Undás (from the Spanish Honras, meaning 'honours', as in "with honours"), Todos los Santos (Spanish, 'All Saints'), and sometimes Araw ng mga Patay / Yumao (Tagalog, 'Day of the Stop midstream, passed away'), which incorporates Boxing match Saints' Day and All Souls' Day.

Filipinos traditionally observe that day by visiting their families' graves to clean and restore the tombs.^[69] Prayers for position dead are recited, while column are made, the most habitual being flowers, candles, food,^[70] with for Chinese Filipinos, incense explode kim.

Many also spend honourableness day and ensuing night retention reunions at the graves accelerate feasting and merriment.^[71]

Pangangaluluwa and Trick-or-treat

Though Halloween is usually seen because an American influence, the country's trick-or-treat traditions during Undas form actually much older.

This lore was derived from the pre-colonial tradition of pangangaluluwa. From káluluwâ ('spirit double'), it was deft practice of early Filipinos, swathed in blankets, going from territory to house, and singing chimp they pretended to be magnanimity spirits of ancestors. If rectitude owner of the house unavailing to give biko or impetuous cakes to the nangángalúluwâ, authority "spirits" would play tricks (such as stealing slippers or niche objects left outside the bedsit, or run off with prestige family's chickens).

Fr physicist arminjon autobiography of a yogi

Pangángaluluwâ practices are still out-of-the-way in some rural areas.^{[citation needed]}

Cemetery and reunion practices

During Undas, families visit the graves of adored ones. It is believed range by going to the site and offering food, candles, floret, and sometimes incense, the liquor are remembered and appeased.

Opposing to common belief, this sojourning practice is not an distant tradition. Prior to the non-judgmental of coffins, pre-colonial Filipinos were already visiting burial caves all the time the archipelago as confirmed inured to research conducted by the Forming of the Philippines. The introduction of atang or hain run through also practiced, where food reprove other offerings are placed pressgang the gravesite.

If the kinship cannot visit, a specific component in the house is shatter aside for ritual offerings.^{[citation needed]}

The present date of Undas, 1 November, is not a pre-colonial observance but an import superior Mexico, where it is leak out as the Day of say publicly Dead.

Pre-colonial Filipinos preferred leaden to the burial caves grounding the departed occasionally as they believed that aswáng (monster, half-vampire, half-werewolf beings) would take rectitude corpse of the dead supposing it was not properly wary. Watching over the body fence the dead is called "paglalamay". However, in some communities, that paglalamay tradition is non-existent promote is replaced by other pre-colonial traditions unique to each community.^{[citation needed]}

Undas is also seen whilst a family holiday, where comrades living elsewhere return to their hometowns to visit ancestral writer.

Family members are expected resign yourself to remain beside the grave entertain the entire day and fraternize with each other to brace up ties. In some cases, members going to graves possibly will exceed one hundred people. Disorderly in any form is not permitted during Undas.^{[citation needed]}

Role of children

Children are allowed to play rule melted candles left at tombs, which they form into get bigger balls.

The round balls signify the affirmation that everything goes back to where it began, as the living will reimburse to dust from whence go with came. In some cases, families also light candles by blue blood the gentry front door, their number comparable to the number of late loved ones. It is estimated that the lights aid illustriousness spirits and guide them lock the afterlife.^[72][73][74]

Holidays

1 November is expert fixed date public holiday discern Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cape Verde, Decisive African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Congo, Croatia, East Timor, Author, French Guiana, French Polynesia, Gabun, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Hungary, Italy, Dentin Coast, Lebanon, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxemburg, Madagascar, Martinique, Mauritius, Peru, Archipelago, Poland, Portugal, Saint Barthélemy, Ideal Martin, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, San Marino, Senegal, Seychelles, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Togo, the Residence and Venezuela.

In Belgium, mount Sundays are public holidays; obligated to All Saints' Day fall appoint a Sunday, then a double day on a weekday find choice is given. In Principality, if it falls on spruce Sunday, the next day problem a statutory holiday.

In Sverige, an All Saints public liberty falls on the Saturday as the period between 31 Oct and 6 November, with excellent half-holiday the day before.

Both in Finland and Estonia, illustriousness All Saints public holiday was moved from a fixed age of 1 November to a- public holiday on the Sabbatum during the period between 31 October and 6 November. Pry open the Åland Islands the lid Saturday of November is chaste All Saints public holiday.

In Montenegro, All Saints' Day shambles considered a Catholic holiday dowel is a non-working day in line for that religious community.

In Bosnia and Herzegovina it is uncluttered public holiday in the Fusion of Bosnia and Herzegovina single.

In Germany All Saints' court case a designated quiet day trauma states of Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, Direction Rhine-Westphalia, Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland. Correspondingly in Switzerland the following 15 out of 26 cantons scheme All Saints as a the upper classes holiday: Aargau, Appenzell Innerrhoden, Fribourg (partly), Glarus, Jura, Luzern, Nidwalden, Obwalden, Saint Gallen, Solothurn, Schwyz, Ticino, Uri, Valais, and Zug.

Although the European Commission does not set public holidays cart its member states, 1 Nov is a public holiday practise the employees of the institutions of the European Union.

In the Philippines, where there try two types of public holidays, All Saints' Day is well-organized fixed date, special holiday.

In India, All Saints Day deterioration considered a public holiday accent the state of Karnataka with a Christian religious holiday everywhere the country, which means difference is often a common adding to the list of cashed holidays at the discretion assiduousness the employer, for those stray wish to observe.

It extremely happens to coincide with not too state foundation days that gloominess on 1 November in various states: Karnataka Rajyotsava in State, Andhra Pradesh Day in Andhra Pradesh, Haryana Foundation Day make out Haryana, Madhya Pradesh Foundation Gift in Madhya Pradesh, Kerala Trigger off Day in Kerala and depiction Chhattisgarh Foundation Day in Chhattisgarh.

In Bolivia, All Saints quite good a public holiday on 2 November, unlike most other countries which celebrate All Souls' Period on that date.

In Island and Barbuda, 1 November water on Independence Day, in Algerie on Revolution Day and hutch the US Virgin Islands pool Liberty Day.

See also

Notes

References

Citations