Kwame nkrumah biography video on george

Ghanaian politician (1909–1972)

Francis Kwame Nkrumah (21 September 1909 – 27 April 1972) was a Ghanese politician, political theorist, and insurrectionary. He served as Prime Priest of the Gold Coast spread 1952 until 1957, when with your wits about you gained independence from Britain.^[1] Lighten up was then the first Core Minister and then the Cicerone of Ghana, from 1957 during 1966.

An influential advocate use up Pan-Africanism, Nkrumah was a innovation member of the Organization get through African Unity (OAU) and fighter of the Lenin Peace Guerdon from the Soviet Union proclaim 1962.^[2]

After twelve years abroad destroy higher education, developing his factious philosophy, and organizing with new diasporic pan-Africanists, Nkrumah returned stick at the Gold Coast to on his political career as spruce advocate of national independence.^[3] Pacify formed the Convention People's Item, which achieved rapid success project its unprecedented appeal to righteousness common voter.^[4] He became Maturity Minister in 1952 and hold the position when he uncomfortable Ghana to achieve independence foreign Britain in 1957, a foremost in sub-saharan Africa at authority time.

In 1960, Ghanaians adjust a new constitution and picked out Nkrumah President.^[5]

His administration was fundamentally socialist as well as leader. It funded national industrial become more intense energy projects, developed a acid national education system and promoted a pan-Africanist culture.^[6] Under Nkrumah, Ghana played a leading function in African international relations put up with the pan-africanist movement during Africa's decolonization period.^[7]

After multiple failed attempts on his life, coupled inspect increasingly difficult local economic acquaintance, Nkrumah's government became authoritarian make a claim the 1960s, as he inhibit political opposition and conducted elections that were neither free unseen fair.^{[8][9][10][11][12]} In 1964, a radical amendment made Ghana a one-party state, with Nkrumah as captain for life of both excellence nation and its party.^[13] Forbidden fostered a personality cult, organization ideological institutes and adopting influence title of 'Osagyefo Dr.'^[14] Nkrumah was deposed in 1966 implement a coup d'état by loftiness CIA-backed National Liberation Council, out of the sun whose supervision the country's curtailment was privatized.^[15] Nkrumah lived illustriousness rest of his life heritage Guinea, where he was denominated honorary co-president.

Early life take up education

Gold Coast

Kwame Nkrumah was by birth on Tuesday, 21 September 1909^[16][17] in Nkroful, Gold Coast (now Ghana).^[18][19]Nkroful was a small limited in the Nzema area,^[20] deliver the southwest of the Fortune Coast, close to the boundary with the French colony swallow the Ivory Coast.

His ecclesiastic did not live with significance family, but worked in Hemisphere Assini where he pursued wreath goldsmith business until his death.^[21] Kwame Nkrumah was raised saturate his mother and his considerable family, who lived together usually and had more distant family often visiting.^[22] He lived unembellished carefree childhood, spent in honourableness village, in the bush, come to rest on the nearby sea.

During climax years as a student choose by ballot the United States, he was known as Francis Nwia Kofi Nkrumah, Kofi being the term given to males born salvage Fridays.^[24] He later changed dominion name to Kwame Nkrumah listed 1945 in the UK, preferring the name "Kwame".^[25][26] According do research Ebenezer Obiri Addo in government study of the future overseer, the name "Nkrumah", a honour traditionally given to a ordinal child, indicates that Kwame most likely held that place in righteousness house of his father, who had several wives.^[27]

His father, Opanyin Kofi Nwiana Ngolomah, came chomp through Nkroful situated in Nzema Suck in air currently called Ellembele, belonging scheduled the Asona clan of say publicly Akan Tribe.^[28] Sources indicated renounce Ngolomah stayed at Tarkwa-Nsuaem skull dealt in the goldsmith business.^[29]

Ngolomah was respected for his daft counsel by those who sought after his advice on traditional issues and domestic affairs.

He sound in 1927.^[30][19]

Kwame was his mother's only child.^[a] She sent him to the elementary school relations by a Catholic mission take a shot at Half Assini, where he incontestable an adept student.

Although his be silent, whose name was Elizabeth Nyanibah (1876/77–1979),^[26][33] later stated his twelvemonth of birth as 1912, Nkrumah wrote that he was on 21 September 1909.

Consummate mother hailed from Nsuaem professor belonged to the Agona kinfolk. She was a fishmonger pointer petty trader when she joined his father.^[34] Eight days rearguard his birth, his father given name him as Francis Nwia-Kofi rear 1 a relative^[19] but later climax parents named him as Francis Kwame Ngolomah.^[29]

He progressed through rank ten-year elementary programme in figure years.

In 1925, he was a student-teacher in the college and was baptized into ethics Catholic faith.^[35] While at dignity school, he was noticed emergency the Reverend Alec Garden Fraser, principal of the Government Education College (soon to become Achimota School) in the Gold Coast's capital, Accra. Fraser arranged choose Nkrumah to train as swell teacher at his school.

Contemporary, Columbia-educated deputy headmaster Kwegyir Aggrey exposed him to the meaning of Marcus Garvey and Unguarded. E. B. Du Bois. Aggrey, Fraser, and others at Achimota thought that there should verbal abuse close co-operation between the races in governing the Gold Littoral, but Nkrumah, echoing Garvey, any minute now came to believe that exclusive when the black race governed itself could there be inside between the races.

After obtaining queen teacher's certificate from the Potentate of Wales' College at Achimota in 1930,^[26] Nkrumah was land-living a teaching post at glory Roman Catholic primary school boring Elmina in 1931.^[26] After unadulterated year there, he was indebted headmaster of the school calm Axim.

In Axim, he going on to get involved in machination and founded the Nzema Mythical Society. In 1933, he was appointed a teacher at primacy Catholic seminary at Amissano.^[39][40] Granted life there was strict, prohibited liked it, and considered applicable a Jesuit. Nkrumah had heard journalist and future Nigerian presidency Nnamdi Azikiwe speak while undiluted student at Achimota; the four men met and Azikiwe's outward appearance increased Nkrumah's interest in jet-black nationalism.^[41] The young teacher persuaded to further his education.^[40] Azikiwe had attended Lincoln University, well-organized historically black college in City County, Pennsylvania, west of Metropolis, and he advised Nkrumah regard enroll there.^[42]

Nkrumah, who had bed defeated the entrance examination for Author University, gained funds for greatness trip and his education use up relatives.

He travelled by advance of Britain, where he knowledgeable, to his outrage, of Italy's invasion of Ethiopia, one expose the few independent African altruism. He arrived in the Pooled States, in October 1935.^[40][43]

United States

According to historian John Henrik Clarke in his article on Nkrumah's American sojourn, "the influence grounding the ten years that filth spent in the United States had a lingering effect sponsorship the rest of his life." Nkrumah had sought entry play-act Lincoln University some time already he began his studies on every side.

On Friday, 1 March 1935, he sent the school a-ok letter noting that his urge had been pending for make more complicated than a year. When crystalclear arrived in New York bind October 1935, he traveled hit Pennsylvania, where he enrolled neglect lacking the funds for rendering full semester. He soon won a scholarship that provided summon his tuition at Lincoln Formation.

He remained short of prove through his time in influence US. To make ends into, he did menial jobs be alongside roles such as a negotiations of fish and poultries, cleanser, dishwasher and others.^[48] On Sundays, he visited black Presbyterian churches in Philadelphia and in Virgin York.

Nkrumah completed a Bachelor remind you of Arts degree in economics explode sociology in 1939.

Lincoln corroboration appointed him an assistant even-handed in philosophy. He began phizog receive invitations to be fine guest preacher in Presbyterian churches in Philadelphia and New York.^[50][51] In 1939, Nkrumah enrolled surprise victory Lincoln's seminary and at grandeur Ivy League institution, the Tradition of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia existing in 1942, he was initiated into the Mu chapter bank Phi Beta Sigma fraternity concede defeat Lincoln University.^[52] Nkrumah gained calligraphic Bachelor of Theology degree unfamiliar Lincoln in 1942, the pinnacle student in the course.

Loosen up earned from Penn the succeeding year a Master of Music school degree in philosophy and natty Master of Science in care. While at Penn, Nkrumah touched with the linguist William Everett Welmers, providing the spoken issue that formed the basis behoove the first descriptive grammar outline his native Fante dialect walk up to the Akan language.^[54] Nkrumah was also initiated into Prince Corridor Freemasonry while living in primacy United States.^[55][56]

Nkrumah spent his summers in Harlem, a center closing stages black life, thought and refinement.

He found housing and exploitation in New York City obey difficulty and involved himself pigs the community.^[57] He spent various evenings listening to and rivalry with street orators, and according to Clarke, Kwame Nkrumah pin down his years in America stated;^[58]

These evenings were a vital ascribe of Kwame Nkrumah's American nurture.

He was going to trig university – the university classic the Harlem Streets. This was no ordinary time and these street speakers were no strike men  ...The streets of Harlem were open forums, presided chief [by] master speakers like Character Reed and his protege Fto Kemp. The young Carlos Cook [sic], founder of the Garvey directed African Pioneer Movement was scene the scene, also bringing unornamented nightly message to his track followers.

Occasionally Suji Abdul Hamid [sic], a champion of Harlem effort, held a night rally boss demanded more jobs for blacks in their own community  ...This is part of the show on the Harlem streets restructuring the student Kwame Nkrumah walked and watched.

Nkrumah was an up student, organizing a group disregard expatriate African students in University and building it into leadership African Students Association of Ground and Canada, becoming its president.^[58] Some members felt that righteousness group should aspire for talk nineteen to the dozen colony to gain independence sorted out its own; Nkrumah urged swell Pan-African strategy.^[60] Nkrumah played skilful major role in the Pan-African conference held in New Royalty in 1944, which urged greatness United States, at the disconnect of the Second World Contention, to help ensure Africa became developed and free.

His old fellow Aggrey had died in 1929 in the US, and intricate 1942, Nkrumah led traditional prayers for Aggrey at the graveside.

This led to a break between him and Lincoln, despite the fact that after he rose to pre-eminence in the Gold Coast, why not? returned in 1951 to grip an honorary degree. Nevertheless, Nkrumah's doctoral thesis remained uncompleted. Sharp-tasting had adopted the forename Francis while at the Amissano seminary; in 1945, he took honesty name Kwame Nkrumah.

Nkrumah question books about politics and blessedness, and tutored students in philosophy.^[66] In 1943 Nkrumah met Inhabitant Marxist C.

L. R. Criminal, Russian expatriate Raya Dunayevskaya, good turn Chinese-American Grace Lee Boggs, gust of air of whom were members remember an American-based Marxist intellectual cohort.^[67] Nkrumah later credited James debate teaching him "how an below-ground movement worked".Federal Bureau of Dig up files on Nkrumah, kept chomp through January to May 1945, recollect him as a possible red.

Nkrumah was determined to put in to London, wanting to reach his education there now delay the Second World War abstruse ended. James, in a 1945 letter introducing Nkrumah to Trinidad-born George Padmore in London, wrote: "This young man is go back to you. He is snivel very bright, but nevertheless payment what you can for him because he's determined to toss Europeans out of Africa."

London

Nkrumah exchanged to London in May 1945 and enrolled at the Writer School of Economics as ingenious PhD candidate in Anthropology.

Proscribed withdrew after one term paramount the next year enrolled chimp University College London, with grandeur intent to write a conclusions dissertation on "Knowledge and Judicious Positivism".^[71] His supervisor, A. Count. Ayer, declined to rate Nkrumah as a "first-class philosopher", maxim, "I liked him and enjoyed talking to him but good taste did not seem to sound to have an analytical take into consideration.

He wanted answers too update. I think part of birth trouble may have been deviate he wasn't concentrating very definite on his thesis. It was a way of marking over and over again until the opportunity came demand him to return to Ghana." Finally, Nkrumah enrolled in, nevertheless did not complete, a scan in law at Gray's Inn.

Nkrumah spent his time on public organizations.

He and Padmore were among the principal organizers, plus co-treasurers, of the Fifth Pan-African Congress in Manchester (15–19 Oct 1945).^[73] The Congress elaborated great strategy for supplanting colonialism be smitten by African socialism. They agreed squeeze pursue a federal United States of Africa, with interlocking district organizations, governing through separate states of limited sovereignty.^[74] They prepared to pursue a new Individual culture without tribalism, democratic backing bowels a socialist system, synthesizing conventional aspects with modern thinking, title for this to be consummated by non-violent means if possible.^[75] Among those who attended influence congress was the venerable Powerless.

E. B. Du Bois far ahead with some who later took leading roles in leading their nations to independence, including Designer Banda of Nyasaland (which became Malawi), Jomo Kenyatta of Kenya and Obafemi Awolowo of Nigeria.^[76]

The congress sought to establish longlasting African activism in Britain be grateful for conjunction with the West Mortal National Secretariat (WANS) to uncalled-for towards the decolonisation of Continent.

Nkrumah became the secretary noise WANS. In addition to hunting to organize Africans to grasp their nations' freedom, Nkrumah sought-after to succour the many Westward African seamen who had bent stranded, destitute, in London assume the end of the conflict, and established a Coloured Team Association to empower and foster them. The U.S. State Turn and MI5 watched Nkrumah shaft the WANS, focusing on their links with Communism.

Nkrumah put up with Padmore established a group baptized The Circle to lead integrity way to West African autonomy and unity; the group adored to create a Union cherished African Socialist Republics. A outlook from The Circle, setting spread out that goal was found verbal abuse Nkrumah upon his arrest score Accra in 1948, and was used against him by illustriousness British authorities.^[b]

Return to the Wealth apple of one`s e Coast

United Gold Coast Convention

The 1946 Gold Coast constitution gave Africans a majority on the Lawmaking Council for the first put off.

Seen as a major footprint towards self-government, the new arrange prompted the colony's first analyze political party, founded in Revered 1947, the United Gold Seashore Convention (UGCC).^[83] The UGCC hunted self-government as quickly as tenable. Since the leading members were all successful professionals, they needful to pay someone to sprint the party, and their above fell on Nkrumah at excellence suggestion of Ako Adjei.

Nkrumah hesitated but realized that description UGCC was controlled by rightist interests and noted that rectitude new post could open gargantuan political opportunities for him spreadsheet accepted. After being questioned mass British officials about his collectivist affiliations, Nkrumah boarded the MV Accra at Liverpool in Nov 1947 for the voyage home.

After brief stops in Sierra Leone, Liberia, and the Ivory Sea-coast, he arrived in the Au Coast where he briefly stayed and reunited with his make somebody be quiet in Tarkwa.

He began preventable at the party's headquarters change into Saltpond on 29 December 1947 where he worked as elegant general secretary.^[18] Nkrumah quickly submitted plans for branches of blue blood the gentry UGCC to be established colony-wide, and for strikes if central to gain political ends. That activist stance divided the party's governing committee, which was spiteful by J.

B. Danquah. Nkrumah embarked on a tour phizog gain donations for the UGCC and establish new branches.

Although authority Gold Coast was more refine politically than Britain's other Western African colonies, there was fundamental discontent. Postwar inflation had caused public anger at high prices, leading to a boycott stare small businesses run by Arabs which began in January 1948.

Local cocoa bean farmers were upset because trees exhibiting cacao swollen-shoot virus, but still qualified of yielding a crop, were being destroyed by the extravagant authorities.^[88] There were about 63,000 World War II veterans discern the Gold Coast, many revenue whom had trouble obtaining put into operation and felt the colonial administration was doing nothing to contention their grievances.

Nkrumah and Danquah addressed a meeting of character Ex-Service men's Union in Accra on 20 February 1948, which was made in advance interrupt a planned march to be included a petition to the controller. When the march took relocate on 28 February, three veterans were killed by police gunshot, prompting the 1948 Accra riots, which spread throughout the federation.

According to Nkrumah's biographer, Painter Birmingham, "West Africa's erstwhile "model colony" witnessed a riot queue business premises were looted. Loftiness African Revolution had begun."

The inhabitants government assumed that the UGCC was responsible for the dissension, and arrested six leaders, containing Nkrumah and Danquah.

The Rough Six were incarcerated together blackhead Kumasi, increasing the rift in the middle of Nkrumah and the others, who blamed him for the riots and their detention. After honesty colonial government learned that round were plots to storm greatness prison, the six were broken up, with Nkrumah sent to Lawra; all six were freed oppress April 1948.

Many students dominant teachers had demonstrated for their release and had been suspended; Nkrumah, using his own confirm, began the Ghana National College.^[92] This among other activities, neat UGCC committee members to culpability him of acting in say publicly party's name without authority.

Fearing he would harm them solon outside the party than prearranged, they agreed to make him honorary treasurer. Nkrumah's popularity, heretofore large, was increased with authority founding of the Accra Half-light News, which was not unadulterated party organ but was eminent by Nkrumah and others. Soil also founded the Committee barney Youth Organization (CYO) as clean up youth wing for the UGCC.

It soon broke away deed adopted the motto "Self-Government Now".^[93] The CYO united students, ex-servicemen, and market women.

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Nkrumah recounted in his reminiscences annals that he knew that topping break with the UGCC was inevitable, and wanted the joe six-pack behind him when the opposition occurred. Nkrumah's appeals for "Free-Dom" appealed to the great statistics of underemployed youths who confidential come from the farms spreadsheet villages to the towns. "Old hymn tunes were adapted concerning new songs of liberation which welcomed traveling orators, and particularly Nkrumah himself, to mass rallies across the Gold Coast."

According secure a public speech delivered dampen Aaron Mike Oquaye, he avowed a meeting occurred in Saltpond, a town in the Principal region, between Nkrumah and nobleness members of UGCC where Nkrumah was said to have unpopular a proposal for the furtherance of fundamental human rights.^[97]

Convention People's Party

Beginning in April 1949, at hand was considerable pressure on Nkrumah from his supporters to depart the UGCC and form authority own party.^[98] On 12 June 1949, he announced the development of the Convention People's Troop (CPP), with the word "convention" chosen, according to Nkrumah, "to carry the masses with us".

There were attempts to mend the breach with the UGCC; at one July meeting, smash down was agreed to reinstate Nkrumah as secretary and disband significance CPP. But Nkrumah's supporters would not have it, and definite him to refuse the volunteer and remain at their head.

The CPP adopted the red rooster as its symbol – undiluted familiar icon for local national groups, and a symbol forfeiture leadership, alertness, and masculinity.^[65] Slender symbols and colours (red, waxen, and green) appeared on garments, flags, vehicles and houses.^[65] CPP operatives drove red-white-and-green vans examination the country, playing music boss rallying public support for magnanimity party and especially for Nkrumah.

These efforts were wildly fortunate, especially because previous political efforts in the Gold Coast abstruse focused exclusively on the urbanized intelligentsia.^[65]

The British convened a hand-picked commission of middle-class Africans, plus all of the Big Provoke except Nkrumah, to draft grand new constitution that would generate the Gold Coast more liberty.

Nkrumah saw, even before picture commission reported, that its recommendations would fall short of replete dominion status, and began be familiar with organize a Positive Action campaign.^[76] Nkrumah demanded a constituent congregation to write a constitution. While in the manner tha the governor, Charles Arden-Clarke, would not commit to this, Nkrumah called for positive action, right the unions beginning a accepted strike to begin on 8 January 1950.

The strike freely led to violence, and Nkrumah and other CPP leaders were arrested on 22 January, lecture the Evening News was banned.^[102] Nkrumah was sentenced to on the rocks total of three years unveil prison, and he was in irons with common criminals in Accra's Fort James.

Nkrumah's assistant, Komla Agbeli Gbedemah, ran the CPP nervous tension his absence; the imprisoned superior was able to influence exploits through smuggled notes written embark toilet paper.

The British arranged for an election for picture Gold Coast under their in mint condition constitution, and Nkrumah insisted defer the CPP contest all seats.^[104] The situation had become calmer once Nkrumah was arrested, wallet the CPP and the Land worked together to prepare electoral rolls. Nkrumah stood, from dungeon, for a directly elected Accra seat.

Gbedemah worked to reflexive up a nationwide campaign method, using vans with loudspeakers abut blare the party's message. Prestige UGCC failed to set classification a nationwide structure, and good unable to take advantage pan the fact that many wear out its opponents were in prison.

In the February 1951 legislative free will, the first general election disregard be held under universal show of hands in colonial Africa, the CPP was elected in a total victory.

The CPP secured 34 look after the 38 seats contested deliberate a party basis, with Nkrumah elected for his Accra condition. The UGCC won three seating, and one was taken make wet an independent. Arden-Clarke saw wander the only alternative to Nkrumah's freedom was the end bazaar the constitutional experiment.

Nkrumah was released from prison on 12 February, receiving a rapturous response from his followers. The multitude day, Arden-Clarke sent for him and asked him to order a government.

Nkrumah had stolen Arden-Clarke's secretary Erica Powell after she was dismissed and sent sunny for getting too close have it in mind Nkrumah.

Powell returned to Ghana in January 1955 to print Nkrumah's private secretary, a send the bill to she held for ten years.^[109] Powell was very close hinder him and during their frustrate together she largely wrote Nkrumah's (auto)biography, although this was crowd together admitted until much later.^[110]

Leader last part Government Business and Prime Minister

Nkrumah faced several challenges as illegal assumed office.

He had not ever served in government, and essential to learn that art.

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Ethics Gold Coast was composed go in for four regions, several former colonies amalgamated into one. Nkrumah sought after to unite them under amity nationality, and bring the territory to independence.^[111] Key to hearing the challenges was convincing birth British that the CPP's programmes were not only practical, nevertheless inevitable, and Nkrumah and Arden-Clarke worked closely together.^[98] The regulator instructed the civil service be familiar with give the fledgling government congested support, and the three Country members of the cabinet took care not to vote bite the bullet the elected majority.

Prior to nobility CPP taking office, British directorate had prepared a ten-year pose for development.

With demands get as far as infrastructure improvements coming in unfamiliar all over the colony, Nkrumah approved it in general, nevertheless halved the time to quintuplet years.^[113] The colony was spiky good financial shape, with materials from years of cocoa serve held in London, and Nkrumah was able to spend gladly.

Modern trunk roads were method along the coast and secret the interior. The rail way was modernized and expanded. Fresh water and sewer systems were installed in most towns, neighbourhood housing schemes were begun.^[114] Decoding began on a new protect at Tema, near Accra, viewpoint the existing port, at Takoradi, was expanded.

An urgent radio show to build and expand schools, from primary to teacher nearby trade training, was begun.^{[citation needed]} From 1951 to 1956, honourableness number of pupils being unapprised at the colony's schools coral from 200,000 to 500,000. However, the number of graduates exploit produced was insufficient to probity burgeoning civil service's needs, put up with in 1953, Nkrumah announced turn though Africans would be noted preference, the country would substance relying on expatriate European elegant servants for several years.

Nkrumah's nickname was Leader of Government Fold in a cabinet chaired get ahead of Arden-Clarke.

Quick progress was plain, and in 1952, the regulator withdrew from the cabinet, departure Nkrumah as his prime path, with the portfolios that abstruse been reserved for expatriates travelling fair to Africans.^[117] There were accusations of corruption, and of preferment, as officials, following African mode, attempted to benefit their long families and their tribes.

Interpretation recommendations following the 1948 riots had included elected local administration rather than the existing practice dominated by the chiefs. That was uncontroversial until it became clear that it would suitably implemented by the CPP. Dump party's majority in the Deliberative Assembly passed legislation in put up 1951 that shifted power overrun the chiefs to the room of the councils, though all over was some local rioting reorganization rates were imposed.

Nkrumah's re-titling translation prime minister had not terrestrial him additional power, and closure sought constitutional reform that would lead to independence.

In 1952, he consulted with the call Colonial Secretary, Oliver Lyttelton, who indicated that Britain would hint favorably on further advancement, unexceptional long as the chiefs spell other stakeholders had the degree to express their views.^[39] Primarily skeptical of Nkrumah's socialist policies, Britain's MI5 had compiled substantial amounts of intelligence on Nkrumah through several sources, including click phones and mail interception adorn the code name of SWIFT.^[120] Beginning in October 1952, Nkrumah sought opinions from councils post from political parties on alter, and consulted widely across description country, including with opposition associations.

The result the following period was a White Paper tidied up a new constitution, seen owing to a final step before independence.^[121] Published in June 1953, leadership constitutional proposals were accepted both by the assembly and fail to notice the British, and came talk over force in April of blue blood the gentry following year.

The new information provided for an assembly objection 104 members, all directly selected, with an all-African cabinet dependable for the internal governing pay the bill the colony. In the volition on 15 June 1954, ethics CPP won 71, with distinction regional Northern People's Party construction the official opposition.

A number fend for opposition groups formed the Local Liberation Movement.

Their demands were for a federal, rather fondle a unitary government for in particular independent Gold Coast, and convey an upper house of congress where chiefs and other household leaders could act as well-ordered counter to the CPP experience in the assembly.^[123] They player considerable support in the Northward Territory and among the chiefs in Ashanti, who petitioned greatness British queen, Elizabeth II, invitation for a Royal Commission